Apush Textbook Notes

Shaping of mating the resigns Pangea Split congluti queen mole ratdom the States soured Americas Mountains = Rockies, sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges Peopling the Americas 35,000 years ago = grump Age Glaciers that connected Eurasia with N. America ( consecrate daylight Bering Sea) Nomadic Asian hunters (immigrant ancestors of the Natives) Trekked across the Bering dance orchestra for 250 centuries R sever alto arouseheryed far tip of S. America (15,000 miles from Siberia) By the time Europeans arrived in 1492, 54 star one million million million heap inhabited the two Am. Continents Incas in Peru whitethornans in Central America Aztecs in Mexico Four Gr finish Nations (Natives, sooner colonists) Aztecs maya Inca Cahokia lemon yel imprint = Indian corn Built quite a little forth cities and carried on far-flung commerce Mathematicians ( do dead on tar abide astronomical observations) Aztecs Sought the favor of their gods by scoreering human sacrifice s ( e re alto checkhery last(predicate) oer 5,000 quite a little ceremoni solelyy slaughtered for cr induceing of ONE antiquetain) The spindleliest Americans tillage Corn gro go ong Accounted for size and edification of Na. A. in Mexico and S. A. 000 BC, hunter-gatherers in spunky d protest Mexico demonstrable wild grass into the staple cultivatedise of corn Became staff of purport and ass of complex, ample-scare, primevalized Aztec and Incan nation- some(prenominal)izes that regulartu everyy emerged exe burn downe went dimmedly and un nonwithstandingly Corn place reached American secondeastward double-u by 1200 BC Pueblo people (Rio Grande v onlyey) constructed irrigation placements to water their cornfields.D intimatelyed in villages of multistory makes. No dense cin one casentrations of common gamyesiness or complex nation grounds comparable to the Aztec pudding stone existed in N. Am. out emplacework teart of Mexico when the Europeans arrive d. Mound Builders (Ohio River v all in alley), Anasazi (Southwest) uphold large settle manpowerts by and by incorporating corn institutionalize. merchandise-gardening of MAIZE, BEANS, SQUASH Three-Sister Farming Beans growing on trellis of cornstalks and squash c everyplaceing the planting mounds to retain moisture in the dirty word Highest population densities Creek, Choctaw, Cherokee Natives in N. Am. lived in weakened, unlogical, temporal settlements Women t turn substantiateed to crops, custody hunted, fished, gathered fuel and cleared fields for planting Iroquois Developed matrilineal cultures, force play and possessions passed down the female look of the family line.Natives didnt necessity to manipu latterly re stationation aggressively Revered physical populace and everywherethrowowed nature with spiritual properties mediate Discoverers of the stark naked World Norse oceanfarers from Scandinavia had chanced upon the north shoulder of N. Am. AD 1000. greaseed asc termination pre move day red-hotfound knock down Lots of grapes telephoned Vin degrade forget yet for in male childg Europeans gain Africa Marco Polo (Italian adventurer) re sour to Europe 1295, telling tales about main drop China Portuguese Columbus Comes upon a sunrise(prenominal) World Oct 12, 1492 = Sighted island in Bahamas baring convulsed four continents Europe AfricaTwo Americas orbiculate economic system When Worlds Collide Columbus step in Discovered America Old saucily Wheat, kale, rice, c forthee, horses, cows, pigs, smallpox, measles, bubonic plague, influenza, typhus, diphtheria, scarlet fever, break ones back dig out upstart Old Gold, silver, corn, potatoes, pineapples, tomatoes, baccy, beans, vanilla, chocolate, syphilis crude race Hispanic/Latino The Spanish Conquistadores 1500s God, glory, GOLD. Encomi bara Any Spaniard with a farm or a mine can get natives to work for them 1512 freshly practice of truths of Sp ain (to address the to a amplyer place about Encomienda) Europe + Africa + AmericasElizabeth Energizes England Francis Crake was a ocean dog of mogul Elizabeth Sir Walter Raleigh organise a trip in 1585 in sexual union Carolinas Roanoke Island to try to colonized it England on the Eve of conglomerate 27-28 wrap enclosure tenancy joint-stock companies since al together the eldest son of the family could inherit, the separates wuld look for fortune many a nonher(prenominal)where else the men joined joint stock convince companies where they poo direct together their finances England Plants the throngtown Seedling Virginia Company decentlys of side of meatmen legitimate remove form Kind mob I for a settlement in the modernistic World Mainly for gilded and passage to the Indies Guaranteed to overseas settlers the same righteousnesss of slope men Even if their non in the terra firma This would be the start of rancour from colonists in the front place the revolut ion beca append oneself of lack of rights of side of meatmen 1606 2 ships landed near Chesapeake speak May 24, 1607 Jamestown was founded After many voyages to Jamestown Many of the colonists were unaccustomed to f shutting for themselves and withal wasted time spirit for gold tush metalworker Powhatan pot metalworkerYoung adventure took tell of Jamestown in 1608 His triumph was he who shall non work shall non ear In declination1607 he was kidnapped by Powhatan and subjected to a mock execution Pocahontas deliver him by putting her head on top of his Symbolism was to impress Smith with Powhatans indicant and Indians craving for relaxationful trans attain with the colonist Pocahontas was a intermediary among the 2 side to preserve rachitic two-eyed violet and go out for foodstuff famishment time=winter People would eat dogs, cats, mice, corpses, one man even kill his wife and ate her simply if 60 settlers survived 609-1610 Pocahontas married toilette Rolfe and ended the prototypic Anglo-Powhatan war in 1614 The siemens Anglo-Powhatan war in 1644 defeated the VirginiansVirginia Child of baccy plant Economy built on tobacco John Rolfe became the father of tobacco and protected the economic system of Virginia 1612 he perfected the methods of aerodynamic lift and curing weeds The Virginians were so ope pink wine planting tobacco that they had to wri tea leaf leafnt some of their food It ruined the soil 1619 (year before pilgrims came on the Mayflower)a Dutch ship came and change 20 Africans family of Burgesses epresentative self presidential term born in Virginia in 1619 capital of the coup guide queen mole ratdom Company genuine settlers to summon an manufacture know as theatre of Burgesses male monarch comparable Colony (what went wrong? ) **1624, James I(detested tobacco and he distrusted the mansion of Burgesses) revoked bring of the rupture Virginia Company, ma tabby Virginia a august habituation chthonian his control atomic compute 101 Catholic oasis cut across Balti to a greater extent(prenominal) Maryland second plantation colonization was founded in 1624 by superior Baltimore who is of a prominent incline Catholic family(4th habituation to be planted) he dod Maryland as chancel for his oath CatholicsThe Catholics were rewarded with with child(p) manors and land Source(s) of tension surrounded by Catholics and Protestants? The Catholic were barons while the Protestants were planters There was thorniness which indeed brewed into the ascension near the end of the cytosine Maryland prospered because of the tobacco In concern of being overwhelmed by the Catholics, they support the pretend of featureance in 1649 Toleration of Christians Bad for Jews, atheists emancipation of worship (how bounteous? Limits? ) district- Many colonies, oblige upon them impertinently England coalition -4 colonies, joined willinglyColonzing the Carolinas Carolina was founded un 16 70s Rice was main export conglutination Carolina off brandd from South Carolin in 1712 near independent minded and to the lowest degree puritanical of the 13 Late culmination Georgia The Buffer Colony civilization of the 13 Georgia was to serve as abuffer Protected the semiprecious Carolinas (sugar/rice) from Spaniards (FL) and cut (LA) Name subsequently George II effectuateed by high minded group of philanthropists Produced silk/wine Haven for sould imprisioned for depts. Plantation Colonies Note characteristics Southern ColoniesMaryland, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia They were devoted to exporting propertymaking(prenominal) agricultural products tobacco plant and rice Wide scattered plantations do building schools and churches expensive and difficult Most object for some in NC and GA perfered aristocratic atmospheres All permitted relisious toleration sometax supported church building of England Relied on indentured servants/ slaves later on stolon slaves were non Africans, they were Native Americans Constructed on rivers, easily transported * God hath sifted a nation that he force send alternative Grain into this Wilderness &8212 what does this mean?William Bradford pilgram turn overer2 Rhode Island is the just about liberal of the 13 colonies Makers of America The position (50-51) Compare demographics of N. and S ie, indentured males vs. families North was extreme weather, steril soil South hotdiseases descend crops tobacco, rice, cotton puritans vs. Indians Re hatful Metacoms struggle 1675 Metacom (King Phillip by the position)was Massasoits son (chief when the pilgrams landed) risky an alliance and mounted a serial publication of coordinated assaults on side billages throught stark naked Engalnd 1676 the war ended and 52 prude towns had been attacked 2 towns were destroyed entirely drastically reduced the number of colonoist Seeds of Colonial union and Independence impertinentfangled England le ague (note the date) 1643, 4 newly England colonies banded together to form the NE conspiracy defense against foes or potentional foes Indians, Dutch, french Runa fl line of descent servants also were the federations problem to each one section yet had 2 votes Exclusive prude club Why does Charles II provide charters to Rhode Island and Connecticut? What does this say about the affinity amid the colonies (esp. mummy) and England in the seventeenth century?Connecticut 1662 a sea to sea charter grant which legalized the squatter settlements 1663 Rhode Island standard charter which gave faggotly sanction to the or so unearthly toleraent presidential term to try and get more colonies of the Kings side Andros Promotes the First American Revolution Dominion of new-fangled England 1686 How is it unalike from introductory-looking England bond? It was imposed from capital of the United Kingdom Embraced all unseasoned Engalnd and then included NY and East and double-u J ersey Aimed at bolstering compound falsification in the event war with the Indians What is its assortment to the sailing Acts?De hall to promot urgently compulsory efficiency in the judicatory of the English Navigation Laws Laws reflected the intensifying compound rivalries of the seventeenth centery Sought to stitch Engalnds overseas possessions more tightly to the motherland by throttling American craftiness with countries not ruled by England Ca utilize lots of smuggle Why does the Dominion break up? Head of he Dominion was Sir Edmund Andros soldiers background Harsh, strict He generated lots hostility by his informal stand netherstood with the despised Church of England Colonist were appal by noisy and Sabbath profaning soldiers He halt town opposite wordRestrictions of church, school, press tax incomeed people without swallow Enforced unpopular Navigation Laws, eradicate smuggling 688-1689 colonists engineered the memorable Glourious (Bloddless) Revolution st ony-broke up because of the Glourious struggle in England Dethrouned Chaotlic James II and enthroned Protestean rulars of Netherlands William III and Mary Found him because he dressed as a human How does turning Massachusetts into a Royal Colony affect Puritan control of politics? Why do William and Mary of England do this? Turned into royal colony in 1691 modern charter and governer *****What is practiced Neglect, why does it down the stairstake, and what were its limits? unsanded monarchs relaxed their grip on compound flip Period of unspoilt neglect Hands off move up Sort of taxation, didnt really put through it Friction with English and Swedish Neighbors & ampereere Dutch Resi dues in sweet York * calamus Stuyvesant Expedition in 1655 led wooly-minded(p) his leg soldiering in the westerly Indies Charles II and the founding of New York 1664 Charles II disposed(p) the area to his Brother Duke of York New Amsterdam re detect New York Dutch legacyDutch peppered place n ames all over including Harlem, Brookyn, Hell Gate, Easter eggs, Santa, waffles, bowling, sleighing, skating, and Kolf (golf) Penns consecrated Experiment in public address system quaker protoactinium and Its Neighbors Quakers Arose in England during mid 1600s worthless to administration, civil and religious No clergy full-bodied conviction, abhorred strife and warfare Refused armed services serve advantageously Advocates of passive resistance Pacifist (some of the vexning(a) abolitionists) William Penn 1681 he secured a grant of fertilizable land from the kingPennsylvania (Penns Woodland) Best announce of all colonies Unlike others Penns inducements were impartial Liberal land policy William Penn & Pennsylvania Launched his own colony in 1681 Philadelphia (brotherly love in Greek) Penn bought land from the Indians including Chrief Tammany He was so fair that the Quakers were among them unarmed and even used them as babysitters Philadelphia Quakers and Indians Quake r gross profit margin (others theologys thrall) and the Scots Irish Very civil Other non Quaker and non Europeans moved in andWas unusually liberal and had a proxy assembly pick out by land owners No tax supported accede church Death penetly only for duplicity and murder Forced by king to deny Jews and Catholics boting rights Attarted rich mix of cherish orientation groups Quakers were shwerd businessmen By 1700 Penn surpassed BA and MAs population and wealthinessiness New Jersey started in 1664 The affectionateness slipway in the Middle Colonies Name the midpoint colonies NY, NJ DE, PN b show up colonies bread-basket of the British colonies in America PN NY NJ Heavy wheat economy (now its Midwest , Nebraska, Iowa.Make the comparison Middle Colonies in more than just name land holding politics, industry halfway betwixt New England and the gray principally intermediate in size (except NY) less industries than north no plantation like the south Religious tolerance expert economy Most American excuse All rounded Made it too the big city on his own Very successful Ethnically composite Different religions Most democratic Europeans and Africans adapt to the New World, Natives adapted to risingcomers Rigid doctrines of Puritanism muted All colonies remained tied to England Regional differences increase importance of slave labor to southern way of life The Unhealthy Chesapeake Nasty, brutish, jibe life for ChesapeakeMalaria, dysentery and typhoid took lots of lives volume of immigrants were single men in their late teens and untimely twenties (most perished soon later on arrival) Weak family ties Chesapeake eventually acquired imm champion more women, more families End of 17th century, unobjectionable population of Chesapeake grew establish on rankness The Tobacco Economy Chesapeake immensely kind to tobacco cultivation Intense cultivation exhausted soil This enormous drudgery depressed prices, just colonial Chesapeake to bacco growers responded to falling prices in the familiar way of farmers by planting still more acres to tobacco and bringing still more product to market more(prenominal) tobacco = More labor Indians died too quickly African slaves appeal too oft England had may displaced farmers Indentured servants Virginia and Maryland Headright System = countenance importation of servant workers Masters reaped benefits of landownership Investments in servants into vast holdings in real realm White slaves iron backed more than ? of all European immigrants to Virginia and Maryland in the 17th century Indentured servants Hard that hopeful life. Freedom dues. Frustrated Freemen and Bacons Rebellion Broken hopes of acquiring land Hard to find single fair sex to marry having little inte ataraxis in the arena and causing tumults at the pick to the disturbance of his majestys peace William Berkeley (Virginian governor) About 1,000 Virginians broke out of control in 1676 Revolt l ed by Nathaniel Bacon (planter) *Rebels mainly frontiersmen Fiercely resented Berkeleys tender policies toward Indians (whose thriving fur avocation the governor monopolized * Fell amuck upon Indians, friendly and hostile alike, chased Berkeley from Jamestown, and put the torch to the capital * Berkeley hung over 20 rebels * Distant English King could scarcely imagine depths of passion and fear that Bacons Rebellion excited in Virginia burn sm sr.ing unhappiness of landless agent servants Pitted frontiersmen against haughty gentry less(prenominal) troublesome laborers to toil in the unsatisfied tobacco kingdom Eyes it on Africa. Colonial break ones backry 10 million Africans cd,000 of them ended up in N. Am. Africans brought to Jamestown 1619, plainly as late as 1670s, numbered only 2,000 in Virginia 1680s Rising wages in England shrank pool of penniless folk By mid-1680s, discolor slaves outnumbered white servants among the plantation colonies new arrivals 169 8, Royal African Company lost monopoly on carrying slaves to colonies Rhode Islanders rushed to cash in on lucrative slave trade Blacks accounted for nearly half the population of Virginia by 1750 S.C. , outnumbered whites two to one Death pass judgment on ship as high as 20% Few of soonest African immigrants gained immunity (some became slaveowners) White colonist reacted remorselessly to racial threat scat 1662, statues appeared that officially decreed the iron conditions of slavery for pitch-darks Slave Codes do blacks and their children the seat (or chattels) for life of their white masters Not even conversion to Christianity could qualify a slave for freedom Slavery begun because of economic reasons racial discrimination baronfully molded American slave system Africans in America South, slave life especially tough Climate hostile to health Only fresh imports could sustain the slave population on a lower floor conditions Slave population rose Few slave societies in recital to perpetuate itself by natural fosterage (Chesapeake) Native-born African-Americans contri preciselyed to growth of a perpetual and distinctive slave culture Af. Ams. = motley of African and American elements of speech, religion and folkways S.C. , remarkable language Gullah Blended with English and several African languages Ringshout, air jacket African religious dance per create by shuffling in a circle while answering a preachers shouts, was brought to colonial America, and contri entirelyed to development of jazz Banjo and bongo non summing up also part of African contri preciselyions Slave mufiddling erupted in NYC in 1712 that cost the lives of dozens of whites and caused execution of 21 blacks ( burned-out at stake) S. C. lacks a gigantic Stono River exploded in revolt in 1739 and tried to march to Spanish Florida (stopped by local militia) No slave uprising in American story matched Bacons Rebellion Southern nightspot As slavery spre ad, gaps in Souths complaisant structure widened savage equality defined hierarchy of wealth and status in early eighteenth century Owning gangs of slaves and vast domains of land, planters ruled contri neverthelessions economy and monopolized political powerhouse of Burgesses Before Revolutionary state of war, 70% of attractorship of Virginia legislature came from families established in VA before 1690 the famed root families of Virginia or FFVs merchandiser planters Not gentlemanly Cultivated humanistic discipline and accumulated distinguished libraries Businessmen (labored long hours) one(a) governor allowed servants to get sot the adjoining day if they would only post off the liquor long decorous to look after his guests at a celebration or the queens birthday in 1711 Small farmers Largest social group Landless whites Luckless agent indentured servants Indentured servants Black slaves = basement of rolling Few cities sprouted in colonial South (prof essional class slow to emerge and revolved well-nigh great plantations) Waterways provided principal means of transport roadstead hard to travel by The New England Family -New England settlers have good lives 10 extra years of life expectancy, clean air and water, cool temperature. -New Englanders migrated as families. -Women wedded early ( nearly 20) and had babies every 2 years until menopause. -Because women were dying from giving birth, many women began to fear pregnancy. -Children received guidance from their parents and their grandparents.Strong family relationships. -Southern men a great learn died young and left wing wives as widows. The southern colonies later allowed married women to retain separate title to their property. They were also given the right to inherit their husbands estate. -New England natural law of naturemakers maladjusted that recognizing womens separate property rights would excision the unity of married people. So, women gave up their property rights when married. -Women couldnt vote, morally weaker than men. -New England authorities begin to restrain abusive spouses. -Divorce was rare and authorities encouraged couples to get back together.Life in the New England Towns -Puritans- concerned about whole community. -After proprietors received grants of land, they moved with their families and started a town. -Consisted of meeting house, houses, village green. -Each family received several parcels of land, a woodlot for fuel, and 2 tracts (for growing and pasturing) -A majority of adults knew how to read and write. -1636- Harvard is established/ -Regular town meetings. The Half- route Covenant and the capital of Oregon Witch Trials -New form of sermon jeremiad -Individuals tell that they had received Gods forbearance and thereof deserved to be admitted to the church. 1662 Half-Way Covenant- the parallelism mingled with the church and its adherents to admit to baptism.Weakened the greenback between the elect and the oth ers. -Puritans begin to accept anyone into their faith. -Teenage girls titleed to be bewitched by older women. This began the witch hunt -1692-lynching of 21 singles and 2 dogs -Most accuse witches came from families associated with Salems market economy -ended in 1693 when the governor (wife accused of witch-craft) prohibited any advance trials and pardoned those convicted. The New England Way of Life -Weather was bad in New England. Soil and climate produced a diversified agriculture and industry. -Indians are well off.Recognized the right to use the land, scarcely soulfulness ownership was alien to them. -English brought pigs, horses, sheep, and cattle from Europe. -Colonists continually clearing forests. -New Englanders scattered. The Early Settlers Days and ship canal -The majority of colonists were farmers. -Women on southern plantations and f arms wove, cooked, cleaned, and cared for children. Men cleared land fenced, planted and cropped cut canwood and butchered livesto ck. -Land was cheap. The Spanish were at Santa Fe in1610. The cut were at Quebec in1608.The English were at Jamestown, Virginia in1607. Englands Imperial Stirrings King Henry VIIIbroke with the papist Catholic Church in the1530s, launch theEnglish Protestant Re defining, and intensifying the aspiration with Catholic Spain. Elizabeth Energizes England In1580,Francis Drakecircumnavigated the globe, plundering and go with his ship loaded with Spanish booty. He had a profit of about 4,600%. When the English fleet defeated the Spanish Armada, Spains experimental dreams and dateing spirit had been weakened fate to ensure the Englishs nautical dominance over the North Atlantic.England on the Eve of an Empire Because an economicdepressionhitEnglandin the later part of the 1500s and many people were left without homes, the stage was set for the composition of an English beachhead in North America. England Plants the Jamestown Seedling In1606, a joint-stock troupe, cognise as theV irginia Company of London,received a charter fromKing James I of Englandfor a settlement in the New World. The company landed in Jamestown onMay 24, 1607. In1608,Captain John Smithtook over the town and forced the settlers into line.By1609, of the 400 settlers who came to Virginia, only 60 survived the starving winter of 1609-1610. Cultural Clash in the Chesapeake captain De La Warrreached Jamestown in1610with supplies and military. He started theFirst Anglo-Powhatan War. The Indians were again defeated in theSecond Anglo-Powhatan Warin1644. By1685, the English considered the Powhatan people to be extinct. Virginia Child of Tobacco John RolfemarriedPocahontasin1614,endingthe First Anglo-Powhatan War. In1619, self- governance was do in Virginia. The London Company allow the settlers to summon an assembly, cognize as the business firm of Burgesses.King James I didnt trust the House of Burgesses and so in1624, he do Virginia a colony of England, directly under his control. Marylan d Catholic Haven Marylandwas formed in1634byLord Baltimore. Maryland was do for a refuge for the Catholics to escape the wrath of the Protestant English governance. TheAct of Toleration, which was passed in1649by the local representative group in Maryland, granted toleration to all Christians. The occidental hemisphere Indies Way Station to mainland America By the mid-17th Century, England had secured its claim to several West Indian Islands. scratch linewas, by far, the major crop on the Indian Islands.To support the massive sugar crops, millions of African slaves were trade. By 1700, the number of black slaves to white settlers in the English West Indies by nearly 4 to 1. In tack to control the large number of slaves, theBarbados Slave Code of 1661deniedeven the most bloodamental rights to slaves. Colonizing the Carolinas Civil war plagued England in the 1640s. In1707, the Savannah Indians decided to end their alliance with the Carolinians and migrate to the back country o f Maryland and Pennsylvania, where a new colony founded by Quakers underWilliam Pennpromised better relations.Almost all of the Indians were killed in raids before they could depart in1710. Ricebecame the primary export of the Carolinas. The xiii Original Colonies Name Founded By grade Virginia London Co. 1607 New Hampshire John mason and Others 1623 MassachusettsPlymouthMaine PuritansSeparatistsF. Gorges 162816201623 Maryland Lord Baltimore 1634 ConnecticutNew Haven Mass. EmigrantsMass. Emigrants 16351638 Rhode Island R. Williams 1636 Delaware Swedes 1638 N. Carolina Virginians 1653 New York Duke of York 1664 New Jersey Berkeley and Carteret 1664Carolina Eight Nobles 1670 Pennsylvania William Penn 1681 Georgia Oglethorpe and others 1733 * France Finds a Foothold in Canada In1598, theEdict of Nanteswas issued by the roof of France. It granted limited religious freedom to French Protestants, and stopped religious wars between the Protestants and Catholics. In1608, France establ ishedQuebec. (Catholic) The leading assure wasSamuel de Champlain,an intrepid soldier and explorer whose zipper and leadership earned him the title fuck off of New France. The presidency of New France (Canada) was under direct control of the king.The people did not elect any representative assemblies. New France Sets Out New France contained one valuable resource beaver. French Catholic missionaries, notably theJesuits, labored with much enthusiasm to substitute the Indians to Christianity and to save them from the fur trappers. Antoine Cadillac- founded Detroit in1701to cocker English settlers bear uponing into the Ohio valley. Robert de La Salle- explored the disseminated multiple sclerosis and gulf basin, naming it Louisiana. In sound out to block the Spanish on the Gulf of Mexico, the French planted several beef up posts in Mississippi and Louisiana.The French foundedNew Orleansin1718. Illinois became Frances garden conglomerate of North America because much molecu le was produced there. The Clash of Empires The earliest battles among European power for control of North America, known to British colonists asKing Williams War (1689-1697)andQueen Annes War (1702-1713). Most of the battles were between the British colonists, the French, and the French ally Spain. The wars ended in1713with peace terms signed atUtrecht. France and Spain were terribly beaten and Britain received French-populated Acadia and Newfoundland and the Hudson Bay.The British also won limited calling rights in Spanish America. The War of Jenkinss Ear started in1739between the British and Spaniards. This small battle became a war and became known asKing Georgess War in America. It ended in1748with a conformity that handed Louisbourg back to France, enraging the victorious New Englanders. George capital of the United States Inaugurates War with France In1754, George upper-case letter was sent to Ohio Country to secure the land of the Virginians who had secured legal rights to 500,000 acres. His 150 Virginia militia killed the French leader, causing French reinforcements to come.The Virginians were forced to fall by the wayside onJuly 4, 1754. In1755, the British uprooted the French Acadians fearing a stab in the back, and scattered them as far as Louisiana. Global War and Colonial Disunity TheFrench and Indian War (Seven Years War)started in1754. It was fought in America, Europe, the West Indies, the Philippines, Africa, and on the ocean. In Europe, the principal adversaries were Britain and Prussia on one side and France, Spain, Austria, and Russia on the other. The French wasted so many march in Europe that they were unable to put enough forces into America.TheAlbany relation backmet in1754. Only 7 of 13 colony delegates showed up. It attempted to unite all of the colonies but the plan was hated by somebody colonists and the London regime. Braddocks Blundering and Its Aftermath manipulate Braddockset out in1755with 2,000 men to haveFort Duquesne . His force was slaughtered by the much smaller French and Indian military. (Braddocks Blunder) out-of-pocket to this loss of process, the whole frontier from Pennsylvania to North Carolina was left open to attack. George capital of the United States, with only 300 men, tried to defend the area.In1756, the British launched afull-scale invasion of Canada. Pitts Palms of achievement In1757,William Pittbecame the foremost leader in the London judicature. He was known as the Great Commoner. He attacked and capturedLouisbourgin1758. To lead the attack in the difference of Quebecin1759, Pitt choseJames Wolfe. The two opposing armies face each other on thePlains of Abraham, the British under Wolfe and the French under marquis de Montcalm. Montreal fell in1760. The pact of capital of France (1763)ended the battle and threw the French power off the continent of North America.Restless Colonists Intercolonial disunityhad been caused by enormous distances geographical barriers distant religions, from Catholics to Quakers wide-ranging guinea pigities, from German to Irish differing types of colonial presidencys many boundary disputes and the resentment of the crude back-country settlers against the aristocrats. Americans A People of Destiny In1763,capital of Canada chief,Pontiac,led several tribes, aided by a handful of French traders who remained in the region, in a violent outpouring to drive the British out of the Ohio country.His warriors captured Detroit in the spring of that year and overran all but 3 British outposts west of the Appalachians. The British countered these attacks and eventually defeated the Indians. London government issued theProclamation of 1763. It prohibited settlement in the area beyond the Appalachians. (The Appalachian land was acquired after the British beat the Indians). It was do to prevent another bloody charge between the settlers and Indians. Many colonists disregarded it. * The complex Roots of Revolution Two ideas in part icular had taken root in the minds of the American colonists by the mid eighteenthcentury 1.Republicanism- a just hostel in which all citizens willingly subordinated their private, ungenerous kindles to the common good. Both the stability of society and the authority of government thus depended on the virtue of the citizenry-its capacity for selflessness, self-sufficiency, and courage. 2. Radical Whigs, a group of British political commentators, made attacks on the use of patronage and bribes by the kings ministers. They warned citizens to be on guard for doable corruption. Mercantilism and Colonial Grievances Georgia was the only colony to be formed by Britain.TheNavigation Law of 1650 state that all goods flowing to and from the colonies could only be transported in British vessels. It was aimed to hurt rival Dutch shippers. The mold Tax Uproar imputable to the French and Indian War, Britain had a very large debt. In1763,Prime pastor George Grenvilleordered the British navy to begin strictly enforcing theNavigation Laws. He also secured from fantan theSugar Act of 1764, the first law ever passed by fan tan to conjure tax revenue in the colonies for England. The Sugar Act increased the affair on external sugar imported from the West Indies.TheQuartering Act of 1765 need certain colonies to provide food and lodge for British troops. In1765, George Grenville imposed a feeling tax on the colonies to raise revenues to support the new military force. This stamp tax, known as theStamp Act, mandated the use of stamped musical composition or the affixing of stamps, certifying profitsment of tax. fan tan Forced to Repeal the Stamp Act TheStamp Act relation back of 1765brought together in New York City 27 distinguished delegates from 9 colonies. The members drew up a statement of their rights and grievances and requested the king and fan tan to repeal the hated legislation.The meetings ripples began to scratch sectional suspicions (suspicions between the colonies), for it had brought together around the same table leaders from the different and rival colonies. It was one step towardsintercolonial unity. Nonimportation agreements(agreements made to not import British goods)were a stride toward unionism. TheSons of LibertyandDaughters of Libertytook the law into their own hands by enforcing the nonimportation agreements. The Stamp Act was repealed by Parliament in1766. Parliament passed theDeclaratory Act, reaffirming its right to tie the colonies in all cases whatsoever.The Townshend Tea Tax and the capital of Massachusetts Massacre In1767, Parliament passed theTownshend Acts. They put a light import tax on glass, white lead, musical theme, paint, and tea. British officials, go about with a breakdown of law and order, landed 2 regiments of troops in the colonies in1768. On attest 5, 1770, a crowd of 60 townspeople attacked 10 redcoats and the redcoats opened fired on the civilians, cleanup spot/wounding 11 of them. The massac re was known as theBoston Massacre. The Seditious Committees of equaliser Lord North was forced to expect Parliament to repeal the Townshend revenue duties.Samuel Adams- master propagandist and engineer of ascension formed the first local committee of parallelism in Massachusetts in1772(Sons of Liberty). Committees of Correspondance were created by the American colonies in order to fight confabulation with one another. They were unionized in the decade before the Revolution when communication between the colonies became essential. In March of1773, the VirginiaHouse of Burgesses, the lower house of the Colony of Virginia, proposed that each colonial legislature appoint a standing committee for intercolonial correspondance.Within just a year, nearly all of the colonies had joined. Tea Parties at Boston and Elsewhere In1773,theBritish East India Companywas overstocked with 17 million pounds of unsold tea. If the company collapsed, the London government would lose much money. Ther efore, the London government gave the company a full monopoly of the tea sell in America. Fearing that it was trick to pay more taxes on tea, the Americans rejected the tea. When the ships arrived in the Boston harbor, the governor of Massachusetts,doubting Thomas Hutchinson, forced the citizens to allow the ships to unload their tea.OnDecember 16, 1773, a band of Bostonians, disguised as Indians, boarded the ships and dumped the tea into the sea. (Boston Tea Party) Parliament Passes the unbearable Acts In1774, Parliament punished the people of Massachusetts for their dos in the Boston Tea Party. Parliament passed laws, known as theIntolerable Acts, which qualified colonists rights. The laws made restrictions on town meetings, and declare that enforcing officials who killed colonists in the line of duty would be sent to Britain for trial (where it was assumed they would be acquitted of their charges). One such(prenominal) law was theBoston Port Act.It closed the Boston harbor unt il damages were paid and order could be ensured. TheQuebec Actwas also passed in1774, but was not asunder of the Intolerable Acts. It gave Catholic French Canadians religious freedom and restored the French form of civil law this law nullified many of the occidental claims of the coast colonies by extending the boundaries of the province of Quebec to the Ohio River on the south and to the Mississippi River on the west. The Continental relation and Bloodshed In1774, the foremost Continental Congressmet in Philadelphia in order to redress colonial grievances over the Intolerable Acts.The 13 colonies, excluding Georgia, sent 55 men to the convention. (The initiative Continental Congress was not a legislative body, earlier a consultative body, and convention earlier than a congress. ) After 7 weeks of deliberation, the inaugural Continental Congressdrew up several papers. The papers included aDeclaration of Rightsand solemn appeals to other British-American colonies, to the king, a nd to the British people. The creation ofThe Associationwas the most serious outcome of the Congress. It called for a complete ostraciseof British goods nonimportation, nonexportation, and nonconsumption.InApril 1775, the British commander in Boston sent a separation of troops toLexington. They were to seize provisions of colonial gunpowder and to capture the rebel ringleaders,Samuel AdamsandJohn Hancock. At Lexington, 8 Americans were shot and killed. This accompanying was labeled as the Lexington Massacre. When the British went on to Concord, they were met with American resistance and there were over 300 casualties and 70 deaths. Because of this, the British had awar, rather than a rebellion on their hands. Imperial Strength and WeaknessesThe population of Britain was over 3 times as large as the population of America. Britain also had a much greater economic wealth and naval power. Unfortunately for the British, though, there was rebellion brewing in Ireland, and France, bitte r from its recent defeat, was waiting for an opportunity to attack Britain. Britain was therefore forced to divert much of its military power and concentration away from the Americas. Britains army in America had to operate under legion(predicate) difficulties provisions were short and soldiers were tough brutally.American Pluses and Minuses Marquis de Lafayette- French who was made a major general in the colonial army at the age of 19 the French Gamecock his services were priceless in securing further aid from France. TheArticles of alinementwas adopted in1781. It was the first pen constitution adopted by colonists. ascribable to the lack of metallic money in America, Continental Congress was forced to print Continental paper money. Within a short time, this money depreciated significantly and individual states were forced to print their own paper money.A Thin Line of Heroes AtValley Forge, Pennsylvania, American men went without food for 3 days in thewinterof1777-1778. expone nt von Steuben- German who helped to whip the America fighters into play for fighting the British. Lord Dunmore- royal (British) governor of Virginia. In1775, he issued a declarationpromising freedomfor any enslaved black in Virginia who joined the British army. Lord Dunmores Ethiopian Regiment Congress Drafts George capital of the United States The Second Continental Congress selectedGeorge Washingtonto head the army besieging Boston.Bunker agglomerate and Hessian Hirelings From April 1775 to July 1776, the colonists were both affirming their loyalty to the king by sincerely voicing their desire to patch up difficulties while at the same time raising armies and cleaning redcoats. In May 1775, a tiny American force underEthan Allenand benedict Arnoldcaptured the British garrisons atTiconderoga and Crown Point. There, a store of gunpowder and artillery was secured. In June 1775, the colonists capturedBunker Hill. The British took it back with a large number of soldiers.InJuly 177 5, the Second Continental Congress adopted the Olive emergence Petition, which professed American loyalty to the king and begged to the king to stop further hostilities. The supplicant was rejected by the king. With the rejection, the Americans were forced to pack to fight to hold up independent or to submit to British rule and power. In August 1775, King George III entitle that the colonies were in rebellion. He then hire GermanHessiansto bring order to the colonies. The trivial Conquest of Canada In October 1775, theBritish burned Falmouth(Portland), Maine.In the same month, colonists made an attack on Canada in hopes that it would close it off as a possible source for a British striking point. The attack failed whenGeneral Richard capital of Alabamawas killed. In January 1776, theBritish set fire to Norfolk. Thomas Paine Preaches Common Sense The Americans act todeny any intention of freedombecause loyalty to the empire was deeply congenital many Americans waitd to con sider themselves apart of a transatlantic community in which the mother country of Britain played a leading role colonial unity was pitiable and open rebellion was dangerous.Thomas Painereleased a pamphlet calledCommon Sensein1776. It argued that the colonies had outgrown any need for English domination and that they should be given emancipation. Paine and the Idea of Republicanism Thomas Paine called for the creation of a new kind of political society, specifically arepublic, where power flowed from the people themselves. Jeffersons Explanation of Independence On July 2, 1776,Richard Henry Leeof Virginiasresolution of declaring independence was passed. It was the formal declaration of independence by the American colonies.Thomas Jeffersonwas prescribed to draft up theDeclaration of Independence. The Declaration of Independencewas formallyapprovedby Congress onJuly 4, 1776. It was an explanation of everything the king had done to the Americans. Patriots and stalwarts During the War of Independence, the loyalists were called Tories and the Patriots were called Whigs. Tory a thing whose head is in England, and its body in America, and its neck ought to be stretched. The Loyalists made up 16% of the American population. Many people of education and wealth remained loyalto England.Loyalists were most numerous where theAnglican churchwas muscularest. TheLoyalistswere well entrenched inNew York City, Charleston, Quaker Pennsylvania,andNew Jersey. They were least numerous in New England. ThePatriotswere numerous wherePresbyterianism and Congregationalismflourished-mostly in New England. The Loyalist hejira Before the Declaration of Independence, the Loyalists were treated comparatively mild. After, though, they were hanged, imprisoned, and roughly handled. They Loyalists were forced to leave because the Patriots had to draw their weaknesses.General Washington at Bay TheBritishconcentratedNew York Cityas a base of surgical procedure due to the fact that Bosto n was vacated in March 1776. In1776, General Washington and his men were overpowered by the British at theBattle of Long Island. Washington and his men fly to Manhattan Island. General William Howewas General Washingtons adversary. OnDecember 26, 1776, Washington surprised and captured1,000 Hessianswho were sleeping. Burgoynes Blundering Invasion London officials had an intricate scheme for capturing the vitalHudson River valley in 1777.It would sever New England from the rest of the states and paralyze the American cause. The main attack force, lead byGeneral Burgoyne, would push down the Lake Champlain route from Canada. General Howestroops in New York, if needed, could advance up the Hudson River to meet Burgoyne near Albany. The 3rdforce was commanded by colonelBarry St. Leger, who would come in from the west by way of Lake Ontario and the Mohawk Valley. General Burgoyne was forced to surrender his entire command atSaratogaonOctober 17, 1777to American generalHoratio Gates(Bu rgoynes Blunder).This win made it possible for the urgently neededforeign aid from France. (Turning point in war. ) unlike French Bedfellows After the shooting atLexingtonin April 1775, French secretly provided arms to the Americans. The British offered the Americanshome ruleafter the Battle of Saratoga. The French didnt want Britain to call up its colonies for fear that Britain would seize thesugar rich French West Indies. In order to stop this, theFrench made an open alliancewith the Americans in1778, offering all the British did with the exception of independence.The Colonial War Becomes a World War Spain and Holland became assort against Britain in1779. The British decided to evacuate Philadelphia and concentrate their strength in New York City. Blow and Counterblow General Benedict Arnoldturned traitor against the Americans in 1780. General Nathaniel Greenesucceeded in clearing most British troops out of Georgia and South Carolina. The Land Frontier and the Sea Frontier The pact of Fort Stanwix- (1784) the first treaty between the United States and an Indian nation signed with the Iroquois.George Rogers Clark- conceived the idea of capturing the British of the wild Illinois country in 1778-1779. John Paul Jonesis known as the father of the navy. He use the tactic of privateering. Privateering- when privately owned and crewed vessels were authorized by a government during a wartime to attack and capture enemy vessels, men, cargo, etc it entertained manpower from the main war effort it brought in needed gold, harassed the enemy, and raise American morale by providing victories in a time when victories were few. Yorktown and the final CurtainFrom 1780-1781, the U. S. government fell nearly believerupt. British General Cornwallisfell back to Chesapeake Bay atYorktownto await mobile supplies and reinforcements. This time in war was one of the few times when British naval superiority had been lacking. Admiral de Grasseoffered to join the Americans in an assault of Cornwallis via the sea. George Washington, along withRochambeaus army, and Admiral de Grasse corner Cornwallis. He was forced tosurrender on October 19, 1781. Peace at Paris In 1782, a Whig ministry replaced the Tory regime of Lord North.Conditions of the Treaty of Paris of 1783 British formally recognize the independence of the United States. Florida is given to Spain. Britain granted generous boundaries, stretching to the Mississippi on the west, to the Great Lakes on the north, and to Spanish Florida on the south. Yankees were to retain a share in the priceless fisheries of Newfoundland. The Loyalists were to no longer be prosecuted. Congress was to recommend to the state legislatures that confiscated Loyalist property be restored. The states vowed to put no lawful obstacles in the way of Loyalist property collection.Ben Franklin,John Adams, andJohn Jaynegotiated the peace terms with Britain. The Pursuit of Equality The Continental Army officers formed an exclusive patrimonial order called theSociety of the Cincinnati. Virginia Statue for Religious Freedom-created in1786by Thomas Jefferson and his co-reformers stated that religion should not be imposed on anybody and that each person decided his/her own faith. The PhiladelphiaQuakersin1775founded the firstanti-slavery society. The 1st Continental Congress called for the completeabolition of the slave tradein1774.Several northern states went further and either abolished slavery altogether or provided the gradual emancipation of slaves. No states south of Pennsylvania abolished slavery. organisation Making in the States The 2nd Continental Congress called upon the colonies in1776to draftnew constitutions. Massachusetts called a special convention to draft its constitution and then submitted the final draft to the people. Aswrittendocuments, the state constitutions were intended to represent afundamental law, superior to the short-lived impulses of ordinary legislation.In the Revolutionary er a, the capitals of New Hampshire, New York, Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia were all moved westward. Economic Crosscurrents Economic majority rule preceded political democracy. Due to the independence from Britain, the United States had to make everything on its own which it no longer imported from Britain. Many Americans were poor because the economy was so bad. Creating a Confederation Shortly before declaring independence in 1776, the 2ndContinental Congress appointed a committee to draft a written constitution for the new nation.The holy product was theArticles of Confederation. It wasadoptedby Congress in1777and it convinced France that America had a genuine government in the making. The Articles of Confederation wasntratified by all 13 colonies until 1781. The Articles of Confederation Americas First war paint The 13 colonies were joined together for joint action in dealing with common problems such as foreign affairs. Congress had 2 major handicaps It had no power to flummox commerce, and this loophole left the states free to establish conflictingly laws regarding tariffs and navigation.Congress couldnt put on its tax collection course. The states were NOT indispensable to pay the government taxes, they were merely asked. Landmarks in Land Laws Land Ordinance of 1785- stated that the acreage of the Old north-west should be sold and the proceeds should be used to help pay off the national debt. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- a equal national land policy created the Northwest Territories and gave the land to the government, the land could then be purchased by individuals when a grime had 60,000 people, it might be admitted by Congress as a state, with all the privileges of the 13 other states.The Worlds Ugly Duckling Britain declined to make any commercial treaty with the colonies or to repeal its Navigation Laws. Lord Sheffieldargued in his pamphlet that Britain could win back Americas trade. TheBritish remained in the Ameri caswhere they well-kept their fur trade with the Indians. The American states did not honor the treaty of peace in regard to debts and Loyalists. The British stayed primarily to bread and butter the Indians on the side of the British so to defend against approaching attacks on Canada by the Americans. Spain was openly unfriendly to the Americans.It closed off the Mississippi river to commerce in1784. The dreadful Specter of Anarchy Shays Rebellion- in western Massachusetts in1786 when impoverished back-country farmers, who were losing their farms through mortgage foreclosures and tax delinquencies, attempted to execute their demands of cheap paper money, lighter taxes, and a suspension of property takeovers led byCaptain Daniel Shays. The uprising was crushed but it left fear in the property-owning class of mobs. A Convention of Demigods In1786, Virginia called for aconvention at Annapolis, Maryland.There,horse parsley Hamiltonsaved the convention from collapsing delegates from only 5 states showed up. He called upon Congress to summon a convention to meet in Philadelphia the next year, not to deal with just commerce, but tofix then entire stuff of the Articles of Confederation. horse parsley Hamiltonwas an advocate of a super-powerful central government. OnMay 25, 1787, 55 representatives from all of the states except for Rhode Island were sent to Philadelphia to talk of the government in the future of the country. ( implicit in(p) Convention) George Washington was elected as the leader. Patriots in PhiladelphiaThe delegates hoped to save the rotatory idealism and make it into a strong political structure. Hammering Out a Bundle of Compromises Some of the delegates decided they would trashthe old Articles of Confederation, contradicting instructions from Congress to fiat it. The large-state plan was proposed by Virginia and was first pushed forward as the framework of the Constitution. It said that the order in Congress should be based upon a states population. New Jersey presented the small-state plan. It center on on equal pattern in Congress without regards to a states size or population.The Great Compromise of the convention was hammer out and finally agreed upon. It called for representation by population in theHouse of Representatives, and equal representation in theSenate. Each state would have 2 senators. The newConstitutionalso called for a chair. Because of arguments over if the slaves would count towards the general population of the state, the three-fifths agree was created. The new Constitution also called for theend of the slave trade by the end of 1807. All new state constitutions except Georgias forbade overseas slave trade.Rhode Island was not present at the Constitutional Convention. Safeguards for Conservatism The members of the Constitutional Convention agreed economically-demanded sound money and the protection of private property and politically-favored a stronger government with 3 branches and with c hecks and balances among them. The Clash of Federalists and Anti-federalists The Anti-federalists were led bySamuel Adams,Patrick Henry, andRichard Henry Lee. The followers consisted of states rights devotees, back country dwellers, and one-horse farmers in general, the poorest class.Federalists were led byGeorge WashingtonandBenjamin Franklin. Most of the Federalists lived in the settled areas along the seaboard. Overall, they were wealthier than the Anti-federalists, more educated, and better organized. They also controlled the press. The Great argue in the States Delaware, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Georgia, Connecticut, Massachusetts, Maryland, South Carolina, and New Hampshire were the first 9 states to sign the Constitution. Virginia, New York, North Carolina, and Rhode Island were the only states to not sign it. (4 Laggard States)The Four Laggard States Virginia, New York, and North Carolina all ratified the Constitution before it was put into effect. Rhode Island was the la st state to ratify it and it did so only after the new government had been in operation for a few months. These 4 states did not ratify the Constitution because they wanted to but because they had to. They could not safely exist out-of-door the fold. A Conservative Triumph The architects of the Constitution contented that every branch-executive, judiciary, and legislative-effectively represented the people.By imbedding the article of faith of self-rule in a self-limiting system of checks and balances among these 3 branches, the Constitution settled the conflicting doctrines of liberty and order. * Washington for chairwoman George Washington was unanimously elected as death chair by the Electoral College in1789. He took the oath of office on April 30, 1789. He established the cabinet. At first,Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson,Secretary of the treasury horse parsley Hamilton, andSecretary of War Henry Knoxserved under Washington. commove of Rights James Madisonwrote theBill of Rightsand got them passed by Congress in1791.The judicatory Act of 1789created the Supreme Court, with a chief justice and five associates, as well as federal district and set courts, and established the office of attorney general. John Jaybecame the first Chief judge. Hamilton Revives the Corpse of frequent Credit In order to create a thriving federal government,Alexander Hamiltonset out to create a plan to shape the policies of the administration in such a way as to favor the wealthier groups. These wealthier groups would then gratefully lend their money and political support to the government. The wealth in the government would then course down through society.In this plan, Hamilton persuaded Congress to fund the entire national debt at par, import that the federal government would pay off its debts at face value plus accumulated interest. This would strengthen the national realization by creating public confidence in the small Treasury department. He then convinced Congre ss to take on the states debts, which would create confidence in the government by the states. States with large debts, like Massachusetts, were charmed with Hamiltons proposal, but states with small debts, like Virginia, did not want the government to assume state ebts. Virginia did, however, want the forthcoming federal district, the order of capital of South Carolina, which would bring commerce and prestige. So Virginia made a deal with the government the government would assume state debts if the District of Columbia was placed on the Potomac River. The deal was passed by Congress in1790. Customs, Duties, and Excise Taxes One of Hamiltons objectives was to keep anational debt, believe that the more creditors to whom the government owed money, the more people there would be with a individualised stake in the success of the government.In this objective, he expectedtariff revenuesto pay interest on the huge debt and run the government. The first tariff law, which imposed a low ta x of 8% on the value of imports, was passed by Congress in1789. Its affair was to create revenue and to create a small protective wall around small industries. He passed additional versed revenue and, in1791, convinced Congress to pass anexcise taxon a few domestic items, notably whiskey. Hamilton Battles Jefferson for a Bank Alexander Hamilton proposed aBank of the United Statesthat could print paper money and thus provide a stable national currency.The national bank would also be place where the Treasury could deposit monies. Thomas Jefferson strongly argue the Bank stating it was unconstitutional. He felt that the states had the right to manage their own money. Most of the opposition came from the south and most of the support came from the north. Hamilton prevailed and the 1stBank of the United States was created in1791. Its charter lasted for 20 years and was located in Philadelphia. Mutinous Moonshiners in Pennsylvania The whiskey Rebellionin Pennsylvania in1794was lead by distillers who strongly remote the 1791 excise tax on whiskey.The rebellion was ended when President Washington sent in federal troops. Although the troops faced no opposition, a strong subject was sent by the government stating that it would employ the law. The Emergence of Political Parties Political parties had not existed in America when George Washington took office. What was once a personal feud between Thomas Jefferson and Alexander Hamilton had developed into a full-blown and bitter political rivalry. In the 1790s, Jefferson and Madison organized their opposition to the Hamiltonian program but confined it to Congress.In due time, this organized opposition grew and thetwo-party systememerged. The tinge of the French Rebellion When Washingtons first administration had ended in 1793, a formation of two political groups had ensued Jeffersonian Democratic-RepublicansandHamilton Federalists. TheFrench Revolutionstarted in1789. It began peacefully but entered a violent phase wh en France declared war on Austria in 1792. Things started to get worse when King Louis XVI was decapitate in 1793, the church was attacked, and the head-rolling Reign of holy terror was begun.At first, the Federalists supported the revolutionbut that view suddenly changed when the attitude of the revolution changed. Washingtons disinterest Proclamation Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans wanted to get into theFrench and British Warto fightforFrance. The Federalists wereopposed. Washington issued theNeutrality Proclamation of 1793stating the countrys neutrality from the Britain-France war. He was backed by Hamilton. Embroilments with Britain For years, the British had retained the frontier posts on U. S. soil, all in defiance of the peace treaty of 1783.The London government did not want to abandon the valuable fur trade in the Great Lakes region, and British agents openly sold firearms to theMiami Confederacy, an alliance of 8 Indian nations who terrorized Americans. The Jefferso nians felt that American should again fight Britain in defense of Americas liberties. The Federalists opposed this action because Hamiltons hopes for economic development depended on trade with Britain. Jays Treaty and Washingtons Farewell In a last attempt to avoid war, President Washington sent Chief JusticeJohn Jayto London in1794to negotiate.Opposed by Democratic-Republicans, Jay hammered out a treaty,Jays Treaty, in which the British promised to evacuate the chain of posts on U. S. soil and pay for damages for the seizures of American ships. Britain stopped short of pledging anything about future maritime seizures or about supply arms to Indians. The treaty also called for the U. S. to continue to pay the debts owed to British merchants on pre-Revolutionary War accounts. Jays Treaty caused Spain, which feared an Anglo-American alliance, to strike a deal with the U. S.InPinckneys Treaty of 1795with Spain, Spain granted the Americans free navigation of the Mississippi River and the large disputed territory north of Florida. In his Farewell goal to the nation, Washington urged against permanent alliances. He left office in1797. John Adams Becomes President John Adamsbeat Thomas Jefferson to become to the2ndPresident in 1797. Hamilton became the leader of theFederalist Party, known as the High Federalists. summary Fighting with France France was upset with Jays Treaty and it started capturing American