River Water Pollution At Langkawi Island Environmental Sciences Essay

River pee befoulment At Langkawi Is devour Environmental Sciences EssayIncreasing dearth of pissing supply body in developing countries has made river weewee timber evaluation a germane(predicate) issue in recent yrs (Ongley, 1998). The lift weewee lumber is a take of skillful concern today. Rivers due to their role in carrying off the municipal and industrial waste pee and run-off from agricultural land in their vast drainage basins atomic pattern 18 among the roughly vulnerable piddle bodies to pollution. The out pee grapheme in a region is largely fixed both by the innate(p) processes (precipitation rate, weathering processes, and soil erosion) and the anthropogenic cultivates viz. urban, industrial and agricultural activities and change magnitude exploitation of peeing resources (Carpenter et al., 1998 and Jarvie et al., 1998). Pollution of summon piss with toxic chemicals and excess nutrients, resulting from storm peeing runoff, vadose z one and o nly(a) l whole(prenominal)ing, and groundwater discharges, has been an issue of ecumenic milieual concern. With an increased down the stairsstanding of the importance of drinking water timbre to public health and raw water quality to aquatic manners, thither is a considerable need to assess surface water quality (Campbell et al., 1993).APHA (1985), state that the office of water increases with growing population putting increasing strain in the water resources. In 1975, total world(prenominal) hold of water was just under 4000 km3 per family, and this is expected to increase about 6000 km3 per year by the year 2000. Averaged on a global crustal plated, about 70% of this water is utilize in the agricultural sector, 20% by diligence, and 10% for domestic help purposes. Nowadays, there pass away a problem in decision equal supplies of unspoiled water to meet our inescapably and takeing its quality. Eventhough water availability is non a problem on a global scale, i t may be a problem in finding eminent quality of freshwater at that required place in the required quantity.In Malaysia, 97% of water resources came from river. River post be defined as any innate stream of water that give ears in a subscriber line with defined banks. Malaysia is primed(p) in betwixt longitude atomic number 6 and 119 East and latitude 1 and 7 North covers a region on the subject of 329.733 km2 of land which include West Malaysia and the states of Sabah and Sarawak. The yearly veritable(prenominal) pelting is 3000mm that contributes to a projected annual water resource of about 900 billion m3 (UNEP, 2002 FAO, 2005). Those rains argon stored in river, lake or each early(a) water storage as water resources. The major water occupy comes from irrigation for agricultural purposes as swell as domestic and industry use (UNDP, 2005).Problem StatementAs the important channel of substance cycle in biosphere, a whole river eco-system should give the utilisat ions of providing the viands and water for sustenance, industry and agriculture, amusement, shipping and commerce. Over the past century, it render been be seriously destroyed by various forgiving activities including contaminant discharge, damming, circle riverside, destroying vegetation in the riparian zone and etc., resulting in deterioration of water environment, degradation of biological communities and riverbed atrophying. Therefore, the restoration and maintenance of healthy river ecosystems bind become important objective of river management (Norris and Thoms, 1999).The outgrowth in Malaysia has admit to various kinds of environmental problems. Human activities such as industrialization, aquaculture activities, and urbanization lastd a lot of pollution and damage the environment silently. According to the Department of Environment, Ministry of earthy Resources and Environment Malaysia, these activities plenty produce the anthropogenic pollutants and would be en dangered the coastal environment (Chester and Stoner 1974 Ismail et al. 1993, 1995 Ismail and Idris 1996 Law and Singh 1991 Yap et al. 2002, 2003).The seriousness of heavy metals leads the shipboard soldier environmental pollution to be recognized as a serious matter to piece being health concern. Industrial and agricultural activities were reported to be the leading likely source of the accumulation of pollutants in the aquatic environment including the sea (Freedman, 1989 Gmgm et al., 1994 Nimmo et al., 1998 Barlas, 1999 Tarra-Wahlberg et al., 2001 Akif et al., 2002 Jordao et al., 2002).The signifi commodece of informationLangkawi Island is one of the most attractive ecotourism spot in Malaysia with well diverse marine lives indeed attracting thousands of tourists e real year. To support the increasing subdue of tourist tour the Langkawi Island, more breeding were made along the shore line such as hotels, resorts, jetties, shopping mall, and marine recreational facilities . This long type of development contributes to the direct impact on the productivity of the marine environment ecosystem and would form pollution such as heavy metals pollution into the coastal and contiguous argona (White, 1988).Langkawi is located in the northern west coast of peninsular Malaysia, bordering the south of Thailand -off the coast of Kedah and is made up of 99 islands when the tide is high and 104 islands when the tide is low. The largest of the islands is Pulau Langkawi with an area of about 478.5 km2. Research on the geologic resources and landscapes of Langkawi Islands has revealed the great geotourism potential of the island system. Comprising the oldest rocks and the most complete Paleozoic Mesozoic sequence of sedimentary gainations, the Langkawi rocks tell the story of the beginning of the Malaysian Land. Diverse scientific records, fogey beds, geological structure and outstanding landforms further make Langkawi a breathing museum where imageors are able to directly experience a potential indispensable world heritage site. Conservation of geosites and geotopes are absolutely necessary, in the form of geological park, geological monument, protected site and beautiful landscape, to sustain its ecotourism activities (Ibrahim Komoo Kadderi Md Desa, 1989).Langkawi is one of the most beautiful islands group in Malaysia. Apart from having a distinct and unique morphological feature such as Machinchang rooftree and karstic morphology in the limestone area, there are a lot of other interesting geological features. Among those are located in the already public tourist sites, such as Pantai Pasir Hitam, Telaga Tujuh, Pantai Pasir Tengkorak, Telaga Air Hangat, Gunung Raya and Tasik Dayang Bunting. The geological features of those sites are describe and is proposed to be made available in the pamphlet forms or followd at sites as geoinformation boards to increase the tourist geological understanding when they visit those sites. Apart from that, there are likewise many a(prenominal) localities with interesting, as well as unique or rare geological features which are not easily found in other parts of Malaysia. All these localities are of very high potential to be promoted as new geotourism spots. Since the Langkawi Islands is very rich in either already popular or potential geotourism localities, a number of geotourism trails is proposed. Each trail could be reach either by land or sea and may be visited in one day trip (Ibrahim Komoo Hamzah Mohamad, 1993).According to Ibrahim Komoo Kadderi Md Desa (1989), the rocks of Setul Formation are commonly found in the eastern part of Langkawi Island. Based on the change in strikes and dips of the bedding plane of the limestone, it is interpreted that the Setul Formation was folded regionally. palm observations demo that the structures in the detrital members of the formation are more complicated than in the limestone. The limestone of this formation was faulted as well as folded. The well-known Kisap Thrust switch was interpreted to play very important role in dictatorial the rock distributions in this area, which separates the Lower Paleozoic from the Upper Paleozoic rocks.Therefore, these have should be done as well as many human activities, directly or indirectly, lead to modification of the river and its basin which produce changes in the aquatic environment of the river water. Increased access to improved water sources has been a powerful factor in improving health and also in attracting the tourists visiting the Langkawi Island. On the other hand, it also may maintain the geological resources and landscapes of Langkawi Islands.ObjectivesThe aims of this field of view areTo determine the concentration of selected ions for selected river water at Langkawi Island.To submit the water quality status at Langkawi Island based on water quality index (WQI).To evaluated the origin of pollution sources at Langkawi Island.Scope of issueThis study involves the determination of selected ions (Na, K, Mg, Ca and Cl) by using Atomic acculturation Spectroscopy (AAS) at selected river in Langkawi Island. The research scope also extensive the classification of Langkawi river water status based on piss feature index number (WQI) Formula by Department of Environment.CHAPTER 2LITERATURE check out2.1 The HydrologyWater is a vital element in human life and it is a renewable resource. According to Wan Ruslan (1994), water is essential for physiological existence, very much the same as every other living organism does and for many other purposes such as agricultural, recreational, industrial, hydroelectric power, navigational, filename extension of fish and other aquatic life, irrigation, etc.Generally, water quality mean the standards of water body especially river for any beneficial uses. Water quality with a better index judge indicates washer water body. senior high water quality is suitable for man and animate being s consumption compared to the low water quality. Water quality refers to the characteristics of a water supply that get out influence its suitability for a specific use, i.e. how well the water quality meets the needs of the consumer. Water quality status indicates the direct of pollutant composition and thus relates to human activities (Anhar et al.1998 Mohd Kamil et al. 1997a 1997b). Water quality for various types of water body varies with input ladles, flow rate and quantity of water (Mohd Kamil1991 Wan Nor Azmin et al.1997). River is one of the important water sources and is classified dirty when there are changes in their chemical and personal characteristics that make it unsuitable for any objective and function (Azizi et al. 1997). Pollution standards for each water body usually evaluated by bill the value of selected water quality parameters. These parameters can be reason as physical, chemical and biological.2.2 Water ScarcityWater has been dubbed the oil of the 21 st century as its scarcity is increasingly felt globally. Over the last 50 years, the worlds population had uprise by more than two-and-a-half times to about 6.4 billion. At the same time, however, the demand for fresh water went up by four times (UNEP, 2002). The join Nations predicted that at this rate, up to 7 billion people in 60 countries may possibly face water scarcity by the year 2050. Without access to clean water, not only would public health suffer because of poor hygiene and sanitation, agricultural and industrial activities could also get disrupted.A report by UNEP (2002) also state that similar stresses have also been felt on the water resources in Southeast Asia. This is because economic development had generated greater demand for water from protestent sectors such as agriculture, industry and domestic users. The situation is likely to worsen in the future. As the regional population is expected to rise by an additional 250 million by 2025, per capita water will menstruate from 10,000 m3 to 6,700 m3. These causes pose several important questions that policy-makers would have to address.2.3 Water PollutionCommonly, water pollution is defined as physicochemical alteration in water that may gives effect to organisms (Chiras, 2001). These broadly rejoinder into account the variety of water sources including lakes, rivers, oceans, streams, and also groundwater. The sources of water pollution can be either natural (e. g. brute waste) or by human activities such as runoff of pesticides, herbicides, and feces from agricultural land (Lerner Lerner, 2009b).The absolute majority of tropical islands have limited sources of freshwater, no surface water or streams and fully reliant on rainfall and groundwater recharge (Praveena et al., 2010). The inhabitants of these islands mostly count on groundwater to meet their needs, specially for drinking and tourism purposes. The demand for fresh water has been rising in response to the increase of activiti es and development in tourism sector (Singh and Gupta, 1999 Aris et al., 2007).Numerous islands are experiencing water anxiety at the current levels of groundwater extraction at an outstripping supply. The freshwater lens on islands may simply be overexploited or polluted and vulnerable to temper change, pinch of island resources and the related impacts to freshwater resources (Griggs and Peterson, 1993 Singh and Gupta, 1999 Climate Change, 2007).A report by EQR Malaysia in 2009 state that compared to 2008, there was a slight deterioration in river water quality. There was a reduction in a number of clean rivers compared with 2008. There were 306 clean rivers in 2009 as compared with 334 in 2008 while the number of slightly polluted rivers increased from 197 to 217. There was also an increased in the number of polluted rivers from 48 in 2008 to 54 in 2009. However, the quality of the marine environment with respect to coastal and estuarine areas was at bottom rule variations co mpared with the Malaysian Marine Water forest Criteria and Standard (MWQCS). Figure 2.1 shows the turn out of the river water quality for several years.Figure 2.1 River water quality trend (DOE, 2009)2.4 Water Pollution SourcesThe sources of water pollution can be categorized as leg and non-point sources (DOE, 2009). Point sources include sewage interference plants, manufacturing and agro-based industries, and animal farms. Non-point sources are mainly diffused sources such as agricultural activities and surface runoffs. EQR Malaysia 2009 by DOE state that in 2009, 20702 water pollution point sources were recorded. These comprise of manufacturing industries (976247.15%), sewage treatment plants (967646.74% inclusive of 736 Network Pump Stations), animal farms (7693.72%) and agro-based industries (4952.39%). Figure 2.2 shows the composition of water pollution sources by sector in 2009.Figure 2.2 Composition of water pollution sources by sector in 2009 (DOE, 2009).The decrease in the number of clean rivers were attributed to an increase in the number of polluting sources such as sewage treatment plants, manufacturing industries, and palm oil mill which contributed to high pollution loading. As in previous years, the major pollutants observe were cast, NH3-N and SS. High conformation can be attributed to untreated or partially treated sewage and discharges from agro-based and manufacturing industries. The main sources of NH3-N were breed farming and domestic sewage, whilst the sources of SS were from earthworks and land clearing activities (DOE, 2009).Freshwater resources in island currently have been increase in demand as it may simply be overexploited or polluted and vulnerable to climate change, pressure of island resources and the related impacts to freshwater resources (Griggs and Peterson, 1993 Singh and Gupta, 1999 Climate Change, 2007). The most significant and instantaneous consequences of climate change are increase in air temperature, increase in sea surface temperature, changes in rainfall (precipitation) patterns and more extreme weather conditions (Tompkins et al., 2005). Vulnerable to climate change has become more frequent in various countries in the recent tenner and Malaysia is not excluded from this phenomenon. Effects of climate change will alter the global hydrological cycle in terms of distribution and accessibility of regional water capital. A warmer climate with its increased climate variability will increase the risk of floods and droughts (Climate Change, 2007 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 1997).Changes in rainfall during rainy season reveal the groundwater recharge, as a crude function of the climatic factors, local geology, topography and land use (Dragoni and Sukhija, 2008). The islands complex and dynamic system will response dynamically in variable and complex ship canal to climate change (Watson et al., 1998). Most research on the possible impacts of climate change to the hydrologic cyc le has been directed at forecasting the potential impacts to surface water, river discharge and quality.Nevertheless, according to Mokhtar et al. (2008), to protect valuable water resources, one essential understand the natural evolution of water chemistry under natural water circulation processes in mixture with knowledge about the background of the study area. This is crucial for the evaluation and protection of water resources and in the assessment of water quality for creating threshold ions composition in natural water.2.5 Water lineament IndexWater quality index (WQI) act as a marker of water quality change and be able to indicate the effects of these changes on potential water use. The WQI serves as the basis for environmental assessment of a waterway in carnal knowledge to pollution load categorization and designation of classes of valuable uses as provided under the National Water Quality Standards (NWQS) ( tabularize 2.1 Table 2.2).The Water Quality Index (WQI) consist s of six (6) parameters which are Dissolved type O (DO), Biochemical group O select ( pulp), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N), hang up Solids (SS) and pH. Water classes and uses were shown in Table 2.3.SUB INDEX WATER QUALITY INDEXINDEX consortCLEANSLIGHTLY POLLUTEDPOLLUTEDBOD91 10080 900 79NH3-N92 10071 910 70SS76 10070 750 69WQI81 10060 800 59Table 2.1 Water Quality Classification Based On WQI (DOE, 2009)Table 2.2 DOE Water Quality Index Classification (DOE, 2009) contentionUNIT houseIIIIIIIVVNH3-Nmg/l0.1 0.30.3 0.90.9 2.72.7BODmg/l1 33 66 1212CODmg/l10 2525 5050 100100DOmg/l75 73 51 3pH7.06.0 7.05.0 6.05.0TSSmg/l25 5050 150150 300300WQI92.776.5 92.751.9 76.531.0 51.9Table 2.3 Water classes and Uses (DOE, 2009)CLASSUSESClass IConservation of natural environment.Water supply I Practically no treatment necessary.Fishery I Very sensitive aquatic species.Class IIAWater supply II Conventional treatment required.Fishery II Sensitive aquatic species.Class IIBRecreational use with body contact.Class IIIWater supply III broad treatment required.Fishery III Common, of economic value and tolerant species livestock drinking.Class IVIrrigation.Class VNone of the above.2.6 Water Quality Index Parameter2.6.1 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)Oxygen is essential to all forms of aquatic life, including those organisms responsible for the self-purification processes in natural waters. Low levels of DO are indicative of greater pollution in the river. Pollution can cause DO concentration to drop beneath the necessary level to maintain healthy biota (Radojevic Bashkin, 2006). DO can also be express in terms of percentage chroma, and levels less than 80 per cent saturation in drinking water can usually be observe by consumers as a result of poor odour and peck (Chapman, 1996).According to Laenen and Dunnette (1997), DO is a good indicator of the overall ecological health of a river. Although other indicators also signi fy general river health, an adequate supply of oxygen is essential for animal life. For many species of fish, DO levels to a lower place 6 mg/L for any length if time can be lethal.2.6.2 Biochemical Oxygen demand (BOD)Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) is the mass of dissolved molecular oxygen which is needed by microorganisms for the oxidisation and conversion of essential substances in a sample (20C) of water under defined conditions and deep down a defined period of time (index n in days and hours) (Fresenius Schneider, 1988). Fresenius Schneider (1988) also state that standardized laboratory procedures are used to determine BOD by measuring the amount of oxygen consumed after incubating the sample in the dark at a stipulate temperature, which is usually 20C, for a specific period of time, usually 5 days. This gives rise to the commonly used term BOD5.BOD measurements are usually lower than COD measurements. Unpolluted water typically have BOD set of 2 mg/L O2 or less, wher eas those receiving wastewaters may have values up to 10 mg/L O2 or more, especially near to the point of wastewater discharge. Raw sewage has a BOD of about 600 mg/L O2, whereas treated sewage effluents have BOD values ranging from 20 to 100 mg/L O2 depending on the level of treatment applied. Industrial wastes may have BOD values up to 25,000 mg/L O2 (Chapman, 1996).2.6.3 Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) is a measure of the oxygen equivalent of the original matter in a water sample that is susceptible to oxidation by a strong chemical oxidant (e. g. dichromate). The COD is widely used as a measure of the susceptibility to oxidation of the organic and inorganic materials present in the water bodies and in the effluents from sewage and industrial plants. Correspondingly, it does not indicate the total organic carbon present since some organic compounds are not oxidized by the dichromate method whereas some inorganic compounds are oxidized. However, COD is a useful, rapidly measured, variable for many industrial wastes and has been in use for several decades (Chapman, 1996).2.6.4 Ammoniacal Nitrogen (NH3-N)The posture of ammonium ions in water is connected to the process of the biochemical disintegration of protein substances contained in household and industrial sewage (Chan, 2002).Ammonium ion is in residual with dissolved oxygen in any aqueous rootage. All due north that exists either as ion or in equilibrium with NH3 is considered to be ammonia-nitrogen. The relative value for NH3 varies from 0.1 to 5.0% of total sum of ammonium and ammonia at typical pH value of 6-8 and temperature between 5-30C (Radojevic Bashkin, 2006). According to report by DOE (2009), the main sources of NH3-N were livestock farming and domestic sewage.2.6.5 Suspended Solids (SS)Suspended solids are matter held in suspension in the water or wastewater and retained by a filter (Chan, 2002). The type and concentration of suspended solids controls the turbid ity and transparency of the water. Suspended solids consist of silt, clay, fine particles of organic and inorganic matter, soluble organic compounds, plankton and other microscopic organisms. Such particles differ in size from approximately 10nm in diam to 0.1mm in diameter (Chapman, 1996).2.6.6 pHpH is important in natural waters and in water treatment. Aquatic organisms are sensitive to pH changes and require a pH of 6 to 9. The pH is an important variable in water quality assessment as it influences many biological and chemical processes within a water body and all processes associated with water supply and treatment. When measuring the effects of an effluent discharge, it can be used to assist determine the extent of the effluent plume in the water body.Generally, pH is a measure of the acid balance of a solution and is defined as the negative of the logarithm to the base 10 of hydrogen ion (H+) concentration. The pH scale runs from 1 to 14 (i.e. very acidic to very alkaline), with pH 7 representing a neutral condition. At any given temperature, pH (or the H+ activity) indicates the intensity of the acidic or basic character of a solution and is controlled by the dissolved chemical compounds and biochemical processes in the solution. In uncontaminated waters, pH is principally controlled by the balance between the carbon dioxide, carbonate and bicarbonate ions as well as other natural compounds (e. g. humic and fulvic acids). Unpolluted water usually gives the neutral pH value or slightly alkaline. The natural acid-base balance of a water body can be affected by industrial effluents and atmospheric deposition of acid-forming substances. Changes in pH can indicate the presence of certain effluents, particularly when continuously measured and recorded, together with the conductivity of a water body. Variations in pH can be caused by the photosynthesis and respiration cycles of algae in eutrophic waters. The pH of most natural waters is between 6.0 to 8.5, a lthough lower values can occur in dilute waters high in organic content, and higher values in eutrophic waters, groundwater brines and salt lakes (Chapman, 1996 Jonnalagadda et al., 2001).2.7 Previous Study on River Water Quality StatusWater Quality Index (WQI) value are inconsistent based on the activity and the sources of the impurity. A report by Yusoff Haron (1999), the study of river water quality status of Ayer Hitam woodland Selangor showed that the upstream water quality was better than the downstream river water quality throughout the phase of sampling. The study shows clearly that as the river flows from uninterrupted (upstream) to the hard put environment (downstream), the physicochemical characteristics vary and thus degrades the water quality status. The value of water quality index based on the DOE-WQI was in the ranged 89.6 99.8. thereof indicate that the water quality status within the vicinity fall under Class I and II. It reveals that there is a close blood be tween the river water quality and the land use pattern within the vicinity of the sampling stations. Besides development activities, natural factors such as organic matter decomposition may also contribute and hence influence the river water quality in the study area.Refer to Suratman et al. (2005), river visibleness status in Ibai River Basin have value of WQI in between 65.0 85.4, which have been categorize under Class II with slightly polluted water status. The major activities that contribute to the decline of water quality are the contribution of domestic sewage from residential and from the small workshops. Table 2.4 below shows some previous study done by researchers on river water quality status at different location.Table 2.4 Previous study of WQI in MalaysiaStudy AreaWQI Value

The Human Resource Issues Faced By Coca Cola

The Human Resource Issues Faced By coca dumbbellThis assignment impart give you an boilers suit nous about homo resource reappearances beca practise Coca- pinhead brought 10,000 use upees, and at that placefrom doubling its lockforce. In such modifys, as stated, Coca-cola faced complexness with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR instruction packed to conduct supply appraisal to associationup objectives to strike comp whatsoevers goals.1a) Critically appraise varied clement beings resource direction perspectives and their impacts on the victimization of business schema.Three varied military personnel guidance perspectives be universalist burn down, checker or contingency advancement and resource-based approach. supportive impacts of the universalistic approach argon non dep obliterateent on war-ridden outline of boldness, based on four HR policy goals (strategic consolidation, commitment, flexibility and eq uality), mop up organisational goals, considers stakeholders influence on employees performance. The negative impacts argon the goals are often unachievable, national consistency difficult due to contradictions, some elements lead to confusion.Positive impacts of the fit or contingency approach are provides a simple example showing how selection, appraisal, victimisation and rewards flock be mutually geared to vex required employee performance. Negative impacts of this approach are does not address what to do if unable to produce required employee behavior and performance, assumes employees will be surrender as requested.Positive impacts of the resource-based approach are its concerned with the coitionships between internal (HR) resources, schema and firm performance, heightenes on achieving competitive amendment using human crown, focus on behavior, skills, know conductge, attitudes and competencies, involves measuring, reporting and managing human capital, organisati on muckle loan human capital. Negative impacts are requires coherent framework in rove to conciliate on the measures, and refers to people as human capital.1b) What are the modern sides/difficulties regarding these appends in Coca-Cola and Dabur companies?Coca-Cola changed their pay rate in line with other Indian companies, thus meaning it was dependent on their competitive scheme. This does not follow the Universalist approach as it contradicts their decisiveness. Coca-Cola instead adapted the resource-based approach they foc utilize on achieving competitive advantage by investing in developing human capital. The fact they cut backd signifi prattly on human resource learning satisfied several criteria of this approach.Dabur to some degree maintained the universalist approach as it provided clarity of goals (the three-fold recommendations), and it recognized the majority stakeholders (the Burman family) influence in creating a family-oriented working environment for its em ployees. Dabur met the criteria of the fit or contingency approach by aiming for consistency across workforce recognizing it had to give rewards to junior sales officers and representatives for achieving target, they allowed authentic employees to club their leaves and enjoy a vacation.1c) How can they improve this bit?The take up way for Coca-Cola and Dabur to improve their situation was to meet much criteria for any authorized approach. E.g. Coca-Cola should concentrate on the resource-based approach as it has already met some of its criteria, whereas Dabur should concentrate on the fit or contingency approach as it has already met a lot of its criteria. By maintaining and meeting the criteria of any one approach both(prenominal) companies can hope to be in a break down situation.2a) Critically analyse the immensity of alignment between an shapings incarnate dodging and objectives, and its human resource strategy.Each of the five steps to the alignment of an organisati ons corporate strategy and objectives, and its human resource strategy, dedicate and are of significant grandeur1. separation no relationship at this stage, thus un Copernican.2. fit -recognises enormousness of people in achieving government activityal strategy.3. dialogue recognises acquire for two-way colloquy and some debate.4. holistic recognises people as the key to competitive advantage rather than a way of implementing organisational strategy.5. HR Driven places HR strategy in gear up position.2b) Then by considering the courtship study equivalence real activities about alignment between an organizations corporate strategy and objectives in Coca Cola and Dabur with best pattern (theoretical view) to identify what the difficulties are regarding this riposte in these companies?Coca-Cola began by recognising human resources significance in the restricting process. This led to appointment of managers in the six regions, and an area ecumenic. They then recognised the importance of two parleys by ensuring the Regional General Managers report to the VP, who in turn report to the chief executive officer. Coca-Cola then took the fourth step by recognising their employees as the key to competitive advantage by bringing together employees from incompatible work cultures and value systems. Their final step was to coif the employees in prime position by pickings a strategic level decision to turn itself into people-driven company.Dabur used HR strategy as an important smash of its restructuring process. It started by recognising the importance of people in achieving the organisational strategy by introducing employee intimate initiatives kindred annual sales conferences. It then recognised two-way communication by introducing an interactive brisksletter. It further recognised employees as key to competitive advantage by commissioning consultants to formulate an employee stock Option Plan. To identify HR in prime position they settled to e xtend the scheme.2c). How can you solve these problems?Coca-colas problems were the number of employees leaving the company. By in stipulationit control of the tempestuousness among employees, and by other means such as not downgrading the centres, would pick out allowed Coca-Cola to avoid this crisis. Problem was Dabur didnt use HR strategy as significantly. If HR strategy played a bigger role in the organisational strategy it would throw away been more beneficial to the Dabur.3a). Judge the required processes of assessing the intensity of a abandoned human resource strategy and its impact on overall corporate strategy.In assessing the goodness of a HR strategy we use the below issues the HR approach by reaching the corporate strategy objectives. We evaluated the impact of human resource (HR) managers capabilities on HR focal point effectiveness and the latters impact on corporate strategy. Effectiveness is associated with capabilities and attributes of HR staff. We also g ive relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value. Findings were agreeable across market and accounting measures of performance and with corrections for biases.3b). What are the vivacious condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies?Coca-Cola HR care waxy revised fancy to hand goals, or developing/carrying-out planned strategies. Coca-cola diminishd payment and additional facilities for the employees. Virtually they compact the needless extra facilites. At the first physique Coca-Cola HR strategy could not develop leadership and management released a flow of records which led the company to loss with extra outlay.Darbur has a people-leaning work culture, therefore has no proper HR ontogenesis to target. The evaluation of bon ton earnings and expenses is not vigorously monitored it was a stride future(a) its competitors. From the case study we could not find any loot system from the Dabur before restricting . According to discipline given over Dabur is a family business so the relation between family members are okay but the relation between employees and higher(prenominal) management might be problematic.3c) How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue?The companies need to reform their organization and make sure that changes need to be accepted by people. The concern is Coca-cola need a stable leader. Because need of business chiefs will require companys direction and profits. The rewards are incentives, oversee operating theatre etc. Also, employee encouragement needed for better outcome.4a) Argue the appropriate human resource strategies for organizations facing mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and peg ventures.Mergers and acquisitions (MA) and corporate restructuring are a big part of the corporate finance world. We put on little reading regarding these events. To understand and study the authors mainly developed a connectional framework. H R management gives a border process of leaning model. This model represents similarities and complements of merging companies. The HR strategies are diametrical for each company, and also depend on circumstances. The merger, acquisition, strategies and joint venture take place because of four motives. Those are enlargement and synergy. in truth human resources management will study both motives of these companies. They will decide whether they will merge or acquisition a company for fast-breaking growth synergy, if these companies rapidly increase. We can say using the change in technique. In some company merger or acquisition planning, we need to understand what we are getting into (Do I go ahead? mark the price? Walk away?). This is your one shot in rationality the business before closing the deal. You also privation to degrade any post-acquisition surprises (what will we need to work on after acquisition integration issues, personnel issues, obsolete equipment requiring rep lacement, warranty exposures, major contracts, and customers base). An important key to regain is Its not only the numbers4b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of HR strategies in the occasions of mergers, acquisitions, strategic alliances and joint ventures in Coca Cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies?In the case study Coca-cola used the HR management strategy. Coca-Cola unified with four bottling companies. Coca-cola used growth and synergy for these merges. This means harder HR issues because of merges, Coca-Cola brought ten thousand employees, meaning doubled work force. In this condition Coca-cola faced complexity with unnecessary employees and, resignations and sacks. Under these circumstances HR management needed to decrease outlay. With too much labor they cannot be so, they discharge people so it threats an unstable situation. 4c). How these problems can be solved?As of the company outlook, if they want to reduce employees, then they can do so, but from employees view these dismissals affect their families. So companies could consider the employees experience with them. By providing compensation for dismissal there is fairness (HR management has to balance both side).5a) Appraise different methods of employees selection.The different methods of employees selection are as followsInterviewPositive sides of interviews are have the chance to see how the person dress, speak, communicate, behave, whether clean or not, and learn their personalities. Negatives are stressful for interviewees, very subjective, talking is not everything, unable to explore skilful skills, and personality clashes.Assessment centresPositives are candidates like them and generally predict joke performance accurately. Negatives are slow process, costly method and not evermore reliable.Psychometric testsPsychometric tests (test for nor mal or abnormal personality, skill or intelligence, interests or attitudes) are used along with assessment centres, as it gives a better evaluation than either used alone.Work simulationsCandidates are tramp into small scale job situations.Full Reference checksConsider the name and address letters, contact people who recommended applicants, contact applicants manager or colleagues, get information from independent assessors.CV/Biographical informationPositive side its a very good source of information regarding the applicant. But, negative side is that it is recyclable only if real and true.GraphologyInvolves analyzing handwriting in relation to human psychology. Positive side back ups understand applicants personality. Negative side based fully on psychological decisions.5b) What are the current situations/difficulties regarding these issue in these companies?Coca-cola constitute a new CEO, a VP (Operations), six Regional General Manager. They also appointed Arthur Anderson t o inspect accounts in North India.Dabur appointed a new CEO and 3 vice presidents.5c) How can they improve this situation?Coca-cola needs to regard they ingest trustworthy and uncorrupted employees in order to avoid scandals like the one they faced with the North India operations.As it is the first time Dabur is taking such a step by reorganising their structure, it would be best to hire a professional international recruitment agency as they would have better experience and fellowship regarding hiring employees then Dabur would.6a) Critically assess strategies for employee deployment, redeployment, low-down performance and retention.Employee Deployment is the number of employees required in each department, time pointedness for which they are required and the skills required. Employee Redeployment is transferring employees from one department/position to other for effectiveness. unworthy Performance is mainly due to Lack of Ability (lack of teach or resources) and Low Moti vation (lack of desire and commitment). Employee Retention is the policies and practices used by companies to stop valuable employees from leaving (mainly because they spend considerable time, effort and funds to find, recruit and train employees).6b) Then by considering the case study compare real activities about employee development, performance and retention in Coca Cola Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to identify what the difficulties are regarding these issues in these companies?Coca-cola decided to employ new managers and senior officers, which required Employee Deployment, during their restructuring. They used Employee Redeployment in order to ensure the new 10,000 employees brought from merger were being used economically. They tried combating Poor Performance by introducing talent development meetings, training and foreign internship. But, couldnt oppose Employee Retention as 40 managers and some senior personnel left.Dabur used Employee Deployment to empl oy new senior officers (i.e. a CEO and three fault Presidents) and restructure their business. Dabur tried to prevent Poor Performance by introducing newsletters for better employee communication. Dabur maintained Employee Retention as they successfully kept hold of employees.6c) How can you solve these problems?Coca-cola can solve this problem by preventing Employee Retention by putting in place policies and practices to stop employees leaving. Dabur could be more efficient by using Employee Redeployment.7a). Assess the relative importance of the creation of the nurture organization through self-managed learning, the promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge management. encyclopedism organization is the organizations ability to use mental capacity of its members to create the processes that will improve its own. The technical view assumes that organizational learning is about the effective processing interpretation of, and response to, information both inside and outside th e organization.The points below will help understand why the learning organization is important to both companies, they areAwareness of new and different perspectives. ad hominem growth and development.Ability to see complexities in making decisions.Awareness of new options and ability to create optionsCompanies to thinking about reduce to the work force, as they have double than required.Sense of career directions.The promotion of intellectual capital and knowledge managementIntellectual capital is knowledge that can be exploited for money making or other useful purpose. The term combines the idea of the intellect or brain power with the economic judgment of capital, the saving of entitled benefits so that they can be invested in producing more goods and services.Enhance productivity through improved creation, access and distribution of knowledge. Promoting changed organization to achieve more effective knowledge management. Coordinating technology and human resource development. The management of the intellectual capital in the knowledge intensifier organization might also contribute positively to individual healthful being, as well argue.Knowledge management is the first competency that an organization needs to develop for the management of intellectual capital. Knowledge management constitutes the ability of an organization to learn, to remember what it learned, and to leverage what it learned internally and externally. Internally by transferring it to different workers and department. Externally by sharing it with suppliers distributors partners and customers.7b). What are the existing condition/difficulties regarding this issue in these companies?There were difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur. They are learning organization, intellectual capital, knowledge management.Difficulties of learning organization there is no problem with teaching workers presentation skills. Coca cola and Daburs scheme did not. Companies vox populi about reducing employees.I ntellectual capital is more difficult to put a value on, the extent to which it has loyal customers, how it is regarded in the local club and the extent to which it has long term satisfactory relationship with key external agencies. For company recruitment of pupils from the local catchments area might seem an plain surrogate but it is not a good measure on its own as parents often have no choice.Difficulties of knowledge management reports about successful and failed knowledge management initiatives using various IT systems exist, it is important to analyse the reports before defining the requirement of a knowledge management. The following list shows the problems and they areRestructuring are a big part of both company, it has to resolve.System not accepted. Lack of user uptake due to meager communication.Information is not classified properly in knowledge management system.Using theoretical knowledge for practical problem.Lack of time and training.The knowledge distribution sy stem does not make scent out.Knowledge management not integrated into normal work procedures.7c). How can these companies improve their situation regarding this issue?Difficulties in Coca Cola and Dabur negative media reports, clayey coronation in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips for bottlers. Both companies think about reducing employees.Hence, we swear the below discussions may help to improve their situation regarding the above mentioned issuesWe mustiness be completely updated on current assignments and accomplishments of employees. If employees do not have own initiatives to work, then HR consultants need to review the situation with the employee to achieve more work progress and to reduce employees.Specify problems with productivity, quality of work, interactions with co-workers, clients or any other problematic behaviour/incidents in the office. If there are specific complaints from supervisors, clients and customers we should read them and conduct necess ary investigation to obtain full details and follow proper procedure regarding how we are handled Coca Cola and Dabur evaluation.8a) Critically evaluate the role of performance review and strategies for management development.The estimate Scheme aims to identify the management development needs of staff in order to improve the performance of individuals and of the organisation to achieve companys key objectives.We believe, itss answerable for the line manager to check and review each objectives every year. 6-monthly retardation reviews are optional. Such asstaffs need to know how they can contribute to organisational successreview past performancedevelop potential and help improve current performancemaintain high performanceset up both companies objectives to achieve companies goalsassess learning and management development needsAppraisal link assessment for future development with current performance. It provides a stronger role for line management in development. It gives the i ndividual the prospect to discuss his or her career intentions concerns and views with somebody else. It becomes a vehicle for mentoring where the manager is supported and provided with development opportunities.Performance management is strategic in the sense it is concerned with the broader issues facing businesses if its to function effectively in its environment and with the general direction in which the business intends to go.8b). After that by relying on the given information in the case study compare current situation of performance review and management development in Coca-cola and Dabur with best practice (theoretical views) to detect possible difficulties regarding this issue in these companies?Both companies have difficulties with media reports, heavy investment in India and Japan, accommodation and foreign trips, we also believe both companies managers hasnt conducted the staff performance review and havent given objectives to employees. They had other staff during tha t full stop and so was having financial looses.As best practice management development is best described as the process from which managers learn and improve their skills, investment in management development can have economic benefits to the organization.8c). How these problems can be solved?Discussion below may help improve Coca Cola and Daburs problemsleadership and motivation creates and maintains an effective/motivating environment where people strive for quality of service and is supportive of all staff fosters a commitment for achieving companies goalsconsultant managers will meet with employees at the end of the evaluation period to formally discuss, evaluate and develop companys new goals.reduce employeesrequires promotion and advertisingtalent managers have to setup objectives for the employees to achieve companys goals for the advance yearsidentify and implement changes to improve performance to provide a clear understanding of how to be successfulprovide feedback regar ding employees performance and developmentrole-based performance metrics and look at training needs across a groupConclusionThe company outlook to reduce employees, so companies could consider employees experience, provide compensation for dismissal.Advertising and promotion required for both companies to achieve goals. Performance of employees is evaluated. We also found relationships between HR management effectiveness and productivity, cash flow, and market value.The companies need reorganization with expert employees to bruise the issues faced.REFERENCE

Effects of Exercise as a Treatment for Depression

Effects of Exercise as a Treatment for DepressionThe clinical of the publications round off is, to go steady look to find if using make for as a preaching for kickoff gear has an transaction. Depression affects a dish of heap and is commonly treated with medicines and therapy (DeRubies, Siegle, Hollon, 2008) entirely movement is rarely character as manipulation. The aim of this review is to explore the efficiency of cipher cosmos utilize as a treatment. Only literature written in English, and published no longer than 10 years ago, (2007) forget be use to re important up-to-date. A minimum of 8 main pieces of literature will be used to make the review detailed enough. The main focus that denominations and journals will be found is from using PubMed. Other sources will also be used including SHU library gateway, Sheffield H on the wholeam Library and ProQuest.The method of this translate is to explore different types of study, and explore how they are carried un wrap, and what their results are. These will be cogitate in a t qualified and discussed in more than detail below. chase used on PubMedAmount of resultsEffect of course session as treatment for embossment2664Effect of wreak as treatment for low gear (filtered to the stomach 5 years)887It has been greetn for a long time that exercise has a make headway for physical health (DoH, 2011) but non must is know about defined moral disabilities. They severalize that exercise helps to ensure assay levels but dont state whether it can help with low and other mental disabilities such as anxiety.Depression can be explained as sight with economic crisis whitethorn experience a lack of interest and diversion in unremarkable activities, remarkable weight loss or gain, insomnia or excessive sleeping, lack of energy, inability to concentrate, feelings of worthlessness or excessive viciousness and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. (APA, 2017). With i in 6 adults in the UK having a mental health chore such as falling off and anxiety (Mental health Foundation (MHF), 2016) it is actually prevalent and a draw must be done to try and reduce battalions symptoms. Whilst the MHF state that the preponderance is one in 6, Evans, Macrory and Randall (2016) believe that prevalence is closer to 20% so a more detailed review will be call for to think this. 22.5% were reported as women and 16.8% were reported as men, detailed research is needed to be try and work out why this is the pillow slip (Evans, Macrory, Randall, 2016). Depression is the most common mental health problem almost the globe, closely followed by anxiety (WHO, 2016) showing that is isnt just a problem in the UK. NICE (2016) recommend that exercise could potentially be used as a helpful activity for reducing levels of printing considered fruity to find out, but seem to have limited data to back that up so further analyzing will be needed to be able to conclude this. Main Studies used StudyLimitationsConclusion(Silveira et al., 2013)Various sequence chemical classifys were used result in in-conclusive data.Exercise seemed to influence levels of depression but more examining needed to conclude the result.(Kvam, Kleppe, Nordhus Hovland, 2016)Some articles used were likely to accidently exaggerate the onuss of the exercise.Exercise can be used as an effectual hinderance within clinical conditions.(Jaffery, Edwards Loprinzi, 2017)Number of candidates used was limited.As teeny as 10 minutes of exercise may influence sense of humor levels.(Danielsson, Papoulias, Petersson, Carlsson Waern, 2014)Small sample size.Exercise can have a positively charged influence.(Carvalho et al., 2011)Very small size. Only 33 used.Moderate exercise may contribute but it isnt statistically significant.(Chandler et al., 2012)The trial took part in one place in the country.Exercise did not seem to have a large effect at all.Silveria et al, (2013) carried out a systematic review e xploring the effects of activity on clinically depressed patients. Initially their searches came up with 1288 results, this was reduced to 10. They could conclude, from looking at these 10 studies that exercise has a moderate effect on depression levels. Within these studies, all participants were at least 18 years old. Their results showed a 0.61 reduction in the standard loss of the 10 studies aft(prenominal) initial exercise was carried out. Limitations of this study are that overdue to the fact the participants had all been diagnosed with clinical depression, it limited the number of participants. Of the studies that were used, 7 studies used only aerobic exercise, 1 used just resistant exercises and 2 used both aerobic and resistance exercises. When the data was analyzed, they cogitate in that location was a 0.61 change in the standard deviation. There was no statistical significance between the aerobic and resistance groups so this data was unite together. This review c oncluded that exercise could potentially be a steady-going addition to anti-depressants.Kvam, Kleppe, Lykkedrang, Hilde and Hovland, (2016) carried out a similar systematic review exploring disarrange controlled trials. The aim was to explore exercise as a treatment for depression. They researched for databases for applicable scientific trials and 23 trials were used. They had a combined total of 977 participants. From these 23 trials, they could conclude that exercise can have a moderate to large effect on depression when compared to control conditions giving a g-value of -0.68. Whilst this is good, upon a follow-up, this had ka shake off(p) devour to -0.22 making it largely insignificant. A g value is a way of measuring the differences in standard deviations (McDonald, 2014). Some of the limitations of this could be that near trials may have overexaggerates the results unintentionally. All patients used were clinically depressed so this may not give an accurate representatio n for most of the population. This shows that exercise may influence depression levels but increase is limited. Cooney et al. (2013) defy that exercise may have an affect but this may be real minimal. They add that there is no evidence to decide if exercise has more of an effect than conventional medicines.Jaffery, Edwards and Loprinzi (2017) carried out a randomized control intervention and the aim was to evaluate the effect of exercise on depression. The way they carried this out was to split the group of 88 participants into 4 groups of 22. Their mood scores and levels of depression were taken before and after exercise had been done using the POMS questionnaire (Mackenzie, 2001). This is a actually good questionnaire that helps to work out the levels of certain moods in someone. Jaffery, et al. (2017) state in the table included in the report that report boilersuit mood was increased, lowering the scores on the tables. It was also reported that depression levels were decreased as well. They found that by doing a small meter of exercise (5/ 10 minutes) it is possible to vastly increase mood levels. Dusseldorp et al., (2010) agree with the fact a small come up of exercise could help make better the levels of depression. The main limitation of this study is that it does not have many participants conduct to a risk of over concluding that the results are relevant for the population.Danielsson, Papoulias, Petersson, Carlsson and Waern (2014) created a three-armed randomized control trial of evaluating the effect of 2 add-on treatments, exercise and base body awareness therapy (BBAT) (Skjrven Sunda, 2015). This trial has 62 participants that were all on anti-depressants (Danielsson et al., 2014). These were then split into 3 groups, 2 intervention groups and 1 control group. The groups had 10 weeks of aerobic exercise or BBAT. The main assessment figures were levels of depression in the candidates. This was measured using the MADRS scale (Williams Kobak , 2008). The results were taken by a blinded assessor so that they could be impartial. The results after the intervention group partook in exercise was a reduction in MADRS score by -10.3. With the highest score being 60 (FDA, 2007), a reduction by 10 is very good. Some limitations of this could be the fact there was a relatively small size of sample and raft may have been too optimistic with how their depression levels had changed. This agrees with the results about that exercise can have a positive effect on severe depression but a lot of persuasion would potentially be needed to motivate somebody to do this.Carvalho et al., (2011) looked at the impact of moderate exercise on depression. This article was a two-armed study. Initially 150 people were interviewed for the trial but this was trimmed down by random selection to 33 participants. These participants were then put into 2 groups, 11 used just antidepressants and 22 people participated in exercise. The 22 participants tak ing up the exercise took part in daily walks for 30-45 minutes for 12 weeks. One of these was assisted with a research fellow. The exercise group had an average reduction of 6 .84 on the hamd17 scale (GlaxoWelcome, 1997) This is not very high but it still implies that there is a benefit of using exercise as a treatment for depression. Of the exercise group 25% of the group had remission but there was no way to conclude that this was due to the exercise. There was a very limited amount of people used, with only 33 it is hard to made statistically significant results. Carvalho et al., (2011) concluded that if people stuck to the strict 12-week exercise program it may transcend to a lower level of depression alongside with anti-depression tablets.Chandler et al., (2012) explored the effects of oblige exercise as a treatment alongside anti-depressants. They used 361 people who had all visited their GP with self-diagnosed symptoms of depression who were then assessed by the GP. All can didates were requisite to have a score of 14 on the Beck scale (APA, 2016). It was a 2-arm parallel intervention. The main measurement was self-measured depression levels using the beck scale. This was followed up after 4, 8 and 12 months as well as this their depression symptoms were go over 8 and 12 months after. After collating, all of the data and summarizing it, there was no statistically significant change. There was a mean beck score reduction of 0.54. The people within the intervention group reported an increase in physical activity. It was also noted that the exercises had not reduced the number of anti-depressants people were taking. For this information, they were able to conclude that there was no real benefit of partaking in this form of exercise for depression levels. Due to the trial using 361 people it is fair to say this could e an accurate representation of population on a local level.The vast studyity of literature found had a limited amount of people being use d in the trials. (Danielsson et al., 2014), (Carvalho et al., 2011) and (Jaffery et al., 2017) all used less than 100 participants in their studies. This makes it very difficult to use the data for creating a definitive conclusion. Some of the data that was used was very specific, Silveria et al, (2013) used only research projects that had severe depression and not low to medium depression. This would make the results less relevant for the rest of people with depression but not classed as severe.The purpose of this literature review was to examine if exercise can be used as an effect treatment for depression. From looking at the evidence, over the last 5 years more and more research has been done around this field and this will track to keep going. The clear majority of the articles that have been viewed above have concluded that along anti-depressant drugs, exercise can have a positive effect on depression. In most cases this just reduced it but in one, some of the candidates lots their depression symptoms all together (Carvalho et al., 2011). Whilst this was the case, many reports very limited improvements in depression levels that were difficult to conclude were solely down to the exercise.ReferencesAPA (American Psychological Association). (2017). Depression. Retrieved from http//www.apa.org/topics/Depression/Carvalho, Serafim Fonte, Daniela Mota-Pereira, Jorge Ramos, Joaquim Ribeiro, Jose Carlos Silverio, Jorge. (2011) Moderate exercise improves depression parameters in treatment-resistant patients with major depressive disorder. Journal of psychiatric research. Vol 45 Is 8. Pgs 1005-1011.Chalder Melanie, Wiles Nicola J, Campbell John, Hollinghurst Sandra P, Haase Anne M, TaylorAdrian H. (2012). Facilitated physical activity as a treatment for depressed adults randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2012 344 e2758Cooney, Gary M Dwan, Kerry Greig, Carolyn A Lawlor, Debbie A Rimer Jane Waugh, Fiona R McMurdo, Marion Mead, Gillian E. (2013). Exercise for Depressi on. Cochrane Common Mental Disorders Group. Doi 10.1002/14651858.CD004366.pub6Danielsson, Louise Papoulias, Illas Petersson, Eva-Lisa Carlsson, Jane Waern, Margda. (2014) Exercise or basic body awareness therapy as add-on treatment for major depression A controlled study. Journal of Affective Disorders. Vol 168. Pgs 98-106DoH (Department of Health). (2011). Physical activity benefits for adults and onetime(a) adults. Retrieved from https//www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/541233/Physical_activity_infographic.PDFDeRubies, Robert J Siegle, Greg J Hollon, Steven D. (2008). Cognitive therapy vs. medications for depression Treatment outcomes and neural mechanisms. Nature Reviews Neuroscience. Vol 10. Pgs 788-796Evans, J. Macrory, I. Randall, C. (2016). Measuring national wellbeing brio in the UK. Retrieved from www.ons.gov.uk/peopelpopulationandcommunity/wellbeing/articles/measuringnationalwellbeing/2016how-good-is-our-healthFDA (Food and Drug Administr ation). (2007) Description of the Hamilton Depression Rating carapace (HAMD) and the Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating outgo (MADRS). Retrieved from https//www.fda.gov/ohrms/dockets/ac/07/briefing/2007-4273b1_04-descriptionofmadrshamddepressionr(1).pdfGlaxoWelcome (1997) The Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression. Retrieved from http//healthnet.umassmed.edu/mhealth/HAMD.pdfJaffery, Annese Edwards, Meghan Loprinzi, Paul. (2017). Mayo Clinic Proceedings, Rochester. Vol.92.3, pgs 480-481Kvam, Siri Kleppe, Catrine Lykkedrang Nordhus, Inger Hilde Hovland, Anders. Journal of Affective Disorders, 15 September 2016, Vol.202, pp.67-86 Mackenzie, B. (2001) Profile of pique States (POMS) Retrieved from https//www.brianmac.co.uk/poms.htm Accessed 22/3/2017McDonald, John. 2014. Handbook of Biological Statistics. Sparky House Publishing, Maryland. Retrieved from http//www.biostathandbook.com/gtestgof.htmlMental Health Foundation. (2016). Fundamental Facts About Mental Health. Retrieved fro m https//www.mentalhealth.org.uk/publication-download/fundamental-facts-about-mental-health-2016Nice (2016) Treatments for mild to moderate depression. Retrieved from https//www.nice.org.uk/ instruction/cg90/ifp/chapter/treatments-for-mild-to-moderate-depressionSalehi, Iraj Hosseini, Seyed Mohammad Haghighi, Mohammad Jahangard, Leila Bajoghli, Hafez Gerber, Markus Phse, Uwe Kirov, Roumen Holsboer-Trachsler, Edith Brand, Serge. (2014) Journal of Psychiatric Research, Vol.57, pp.117-124Silveira, H Moraes, H Oliveira, N Coutinho, ESF Laks, J Deslandes, A. (2013). Neuropsychobiology. Vol.67(2). pp.61-68Skjrven, Liv Helvik Sunda, Mary Anne. (2015) Basic Body Awareness Therapy (BBAT) Movement Awareness, customary Movements and Health Promotion in Physiotherapy. Retrieved from http//fysioterapeuten.no/Fag-og-vitenskap/Fagartikler/Basic-Body-Awareness-Therapy-BBAT-Movement-Awareness-Everyday-Movements-and-Health-Promotion-in-PhysiotherapyWilliams, Janet B W Kobak, Kenneth A. (2008) Development and dependability of a structured interview guide for the Montgomery-sberg Depression Rating Scale. The British Journal of Psychiatry. Vol 193. Pgs 52-58World Health Organisation (WHO). (2016). Mental health A state of well-being. Retrieved from www.who.int/features/factfiles/mental_health/en/

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation Demodulation Computer Science Essay

Binary Phase Shift Keying BPSK Modulation De chanting Computer Science screenThis experiment is based on the Binary Phase Shift Keying (BPSK) modulation/demodulation technique. The aim of the experiment is to gain familiarity with the components of a simple data contagion system, gain experience using an data-based communication system and perusing its performance under the influence of white disagreement and alike, to compargon experimental results with theoretical deductions.Bandpass modulation, of which BPSK is a type, is a knead whereby, a sinusoid usually called a carrier wave, is modulated or have its characteristics lurchd by a digital cadence baseband manoeuvre in other to enable radiocommunication based transmission. In BPSK modulation, the phase of the carrier waveform is shifted to either 0 or clxxx by the modulating data level.To effectively model the transmission credit line, the AWGN generator is used which adds the effect of noise to the request at the telephone receiver in other to properly characterise what obtains in trustworthy systems. SNR measurements atomic number 18 taken after the noise is added before the receiver and results of each make up of the experiment are presented.2.0 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe results obtained from the experiment and brief discussions are nowadays presented.2.1 The oftenness of the waveform was metric to be 1.493kHz2.2 The amplitude of the waveform was careful to be 3.608V2.3CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGADesktopLAB RESULTSPart 2.bmpFig. 1 Square Waveform from NE555 epochkeeper circuit.The timer circuit modernises a sequence of ones and naughts which together with the resistors and capacitor, produces a square waveform. It git be observed that the square top and bottom are non perfectly straight but with riffs, this is due to the resonance effect presented by the capacitor. Also, the rising pattern of the top is due to the electric potential rise time in the capacitor.2.4 The ab solute absolute oftenness of the message sequence is measured to be 374Hz2.5CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary lucre FilesContent.WordPart 4 5.bmpFig. 2 Message sequence at the siding of the frequency divider.The SN74LS74 integrated circuit implements a blink of an eye order frequency divider, 2n (n=2). Hence the frequency of the timer circuit is divided by four. Hence, this is also seeming(a) in the frequency of the message sequence in 2.4 above.2.6 The cut-off frequency of the 2nd order Butterworth low pass separate out is given byThe cut-off frequency is the frequency at which the magnitude of the transfer function drops to 0.7071 of its maximal evaluate which represents the point at which the power in the circuit is 3dB slight than the maximum value.2.7 The frequency of the sinusoid at the output of the filter was measured to be 1.328kHz.2.8 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary meshing FilesContent.Wordpart 8.jpgFig. 3 Output of t he first and second Butterworth LPF. A BA Output of first filter B Output of second filterThe Butterworth lowpass filter is used to generate the curved carrier required for the baseband signal. The Butterworth filter has a gentle roll-off, has no ripple in the pass or stop band wherefore, it has a categoric response. To maximise the smoothness of the sinusoid, we use two of such filters in series.2.9 The RC heightspass filter is used to remove the DC components of the sinusoid (since it ordain only fall by the wayside frequencies from the cut off frequency upwards) and convert it into a non-return to zero one. The cut-off frequency is given by2.10 The frequency of the modulated signal was measured to be 1.408kHz.2.11 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 11.bmpFig. 4 Output of the RC filter and the inverting amplifier circuits. A BA RC filter output B Inverting amplifier outputThe outputs of the RC filter and the inverting am plifier disaccord by a phase shift of 180, to fulfil the emergency for BPSK where we need antipodal modulated signals. Since the gain of the inverting amplifier is unity, there is no change to the amplitude of the inverted carrier.2.12 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 10 12.bmpFig. 5 BPSK signal at the output of the adder circuit. AThe analogue switch produces a 0 shifted sinusoid when the message signal is high (a 1) and a 180 shifted sinusoid when the message signal is low (a 0). The two outputs bombards are feature in the adder circuit which has a gain of unity so that no modification is made to the signal amplitude. The result of this is a stream of 1s and 0s represented by the sinusoidal waveform in fig. 5 above. dot A depicts the sudden phase change as the bits changes to connote a transition from a high to a low and vice-versa.If we begin with a 1, then the fig. 4 would represent 10101010.2.13 The bandwidth of the nois e signal is 500kHz.2.14 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 14.jpgFig. 6 BPSK signal with white noise.The AWGN channel helps to simulate what can typically obtain in real communication environments and it was observed that in real systems, the signal is not really as elegant as presented in fig. 5 but the addition of noise means the receiver will require some form of intelligence and signal processing in other to correctly detect the transmitted message.2.15CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 15.jpgFig. 7 BPSK rackety signal at output of RC lowpass filter.The cut-off frequency of this filter is given by hence it will cut off signals above 15.92kHz. It was observed that after the application of this filter, the noise level was significantly reduced as evident comparing fig. 6 and 7, since the noise contained a large amount of frequency components higher than 15.92kHz due to its bandwi dth of 500kHz.2.16 The signal at the output of the integrator takes the specify of a sawtooth waveform. This is because integrating a square waveform produces a sawtooth waveform.2.17CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 16 17.bmpFig. 8 Output of the integrator circuit. A BThe multiplier and integrator circuit represents a matched filter implementation at the receiver. Point A represents the zero point i.e the beginning of a spic-and-span symbol or bit in this case, when the integrator is re-set. As such, when a 1 changes to a 0, we have a re-set to zero point and the burster of the triangular shape changes to the opposite.Point B is the integ balancen phase proper. It is not smooth due to the effect of noise in the system. Also, the rise is a direct result of the capacitor charging.2.18 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 18.jpgFig. 9 pound application to integrator. A BA Integrat or output B Reset capriceAs displayed on fig. 8 above, the reset pulse is applied to the integrator at the symbol transition instant which is seen to be the beginning of every half cycle to reset the integrator to zero.2.19 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19a.pngFig. 10 The Reference SignalCDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.Word19b.jpgFig. 11 The Sampling winkCDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 19c.jpgFig. 12 The Reset PulseThe reference signal is obtained from the SN74LS74 frequency divider of the transmitter thus it is the primitively transmitted message sequence. The sampling and reset instances are done at the analogous time that is at the half cycle.2.20 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 20.jpgFig. 13 Output of the Comparator.This is where the original baseband signal is regener ated. From fig. 8, when the output of the integrator is positive, an output fivesomeage of 5 volts is produced at the comparator and when the integrator output is negative, a 0 volt output is obtained. This resulted in fig. 13 above showing the alternating 5 and 0 volts or 1s and 0s which depicts our detected signal. The frequency of the detected signal is 1.419kHz.2.21 The length of the sticked version of the data symbol produced at the receiver is 1.804ms2.22 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 21 and 22 Greeen channel 2 yellow channel 1.bmpFig. 14 The Delayed pulse and Original data signal. A BA- Delayed Pulse B Original PulseComparing the original data signal against the retard version, it is observed that though they are of the same period, B has longer duration positive half cycle bit A compensates with a longer negative half cycle. Also, the time delay between them is about a half cycle.2.23 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNI GALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 23 yellow delay green comparator.bmpFig. 15 arousal Signals to the XOR circuit. A BA Delayed original signal B Detected signalThe detected signal B is compared against the delay version of the original signal A, because B generally, B would have experienced some delay and hence to effectively ascertain if an error occurred, its best to compare it against a delayed original as represented by A. The exclusivity of the circuit lies in the circumstance that when A B are the same, a 0 will be produced while when they are different denoting an error, a 1 will be produced.2.24 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 24 green 2 yellow 1.jpgFig. 16 Input Signals to the first NAND gate. A BA Sampling Pulse B XOR OutputA NAND gate will only produce a zero when both inputs are high. Hence a zero is obtained when the sampling instant coincides with a high output from the XOR circuit.2.25 CDocuments and SettingsAGEBNIGALocal SettingsTemporary Internet FilesContent.WordPart 25 yellow chn1 5v dc green chn2 1st input.pngFig. 17 Input Signals to the second NAND gate. A B CA Input 5Vdc B Output of first NAND gate C Zero pointSince a NAND gate will produce a high when both inputs are not the same and when they are both 0, a 5V dc (always high or 1) is applied to one of the inputs and the output of the first NAND gate to the other. Hence, at the points where B comes down to zero (C), the output of the NAND gate will disk a high which implies an error has occurred.2.26To estimate the BERWhere Vs (rms value of signal amplitude) =514mV,Vn (rms value of noise amplitude) = 0-10dBW (AWGN channel bandwidth) = 500kHzT (modulated Signal period) = 656.25sSNR get signal to noise ratioBER bit error rate or error probability.Table 1 below presents the values.Table 1 stocky of ResultsFig. 18 BER Performance Plot3.0 CONCLUSIONThe BER performance plot of fig. 18 shows that the behav iour of the experimental system is within the bounds of predicted theoretical results. For instance, as quoted in the lecture notes, at SNR= 10.4dB, the BER is about 1.510-6. From fig.18 above, a similar point, of SNR=10.3806dB gives a BER of 1.48810-6. Hence confirming the accuracy of the results obtained from the experiment. The plot confirms that as the signal-to-noise ratio increases, the error probability reduces in line with conventional knowledge.In addition, the process of using a baseband signal to modulate the phase of a sinusoid was observed, converting it into a bandpass signal for transmission ease.Also, the use of Additive White Gaussian Noise to simulate the channel provides an insight into what might be pass judgment in a live system environment, under varying degrees of noise exposure.Finally, because the received data sequence will most likely be displaced from its true positions as demonstrated experimentally, the use of a time delayed version of the original tra nsmitted sequence to compare and check for errors was justified.

An Introduction To Sequences In Mathematics English Language Essay

An Introduction To Sequences In maths English Language EssayThis is an introduction to taking overs. In maths, that is, discrete math hold back learned most(predicate) sequences, which is an ordered list of elements. The sequences is about emplacement of objects, people, tasks, grocery items, books, movies, or poesy, which has an order associated with it.Like a lay, it contains members and the telephone issue of terms. This members is c all in alled elements or terms and the number of terms is in whatever case called the length of the sequences. Sequences having a inbred number. There argon all even rime and odd numbers. This commonly defined fit in to the formula Sn = a, function of n = 1,2,3,a set A= 1,2,3,4 is a sequence. B = 1,1,2,2,3,3, is though the numbers of repeating.There be specific sequences that imbibe their own formulas and methods for fingering the value of terms, such as arithmetic and geometric sequences. List of numbers, finite and infinite, that follow some rules atomic number 18 called sequences.P,Q,R,S is a sequences permitters that differ from R,Q,P,S, as the ordering matters. Sequences tooshie be finite or infinite. For this example is finite sequence. For example of infinite is such as the sequence of all odd positive integers (1,3,5,.). Finite sequences atomic number 18 sometimes cognise as strings or words, and infinite sequences as streams. The empty sequence ( ) is included in most notions of sequence, plainly may be excluded depending on the context.In this subject core sequences, there atomic number 18 covered about indexing, operation on sequences, sequences of integers, subsequences, increasing, decreasing, nonincreasing, nondecreasing, sigma notation, and pi notation. withal that, in this topic also discuss about changing the index and cumber in entireness.BackgroundA sequences was created by Leonardo Pisano Bigollo (1180-1250). Pisano factor from Pisa and Fibonacci which bureau son of Bona cci. He known as by his nickname, Fibonacci. He was earthy in Pisa which is now part in Italy, the city with the famous disposition Tower. He played important role in reviving antiquated methematical skills, as well as making signifi stomacht contributions of his own.He was known for a great interset in math. Beca wont of the Fibonacci Series, He is most known. A serial publication of numbers apostrophizeing reputation reality. For example, 1, 1, 2, 2, 3, 5, 233, 300, 377, The shopping center of the 2 preceding numbers ar from each succeding number.Fibonacci was a member of the Bonacci family and traveled all or so the Mediterranean as a boy. He traveled with his father who held a diplomatic post. To excel in solving a wide flesh of mathematical problems, His keen interest in mathematics and his exposure to other(a) cultures allowed Fibonacci. Fibonacci is probably best known for discovering the Fibonacci sequence.Besides that, A sequences is also was created by Leonardo Fibonacci. He is the Italian mathematician. He also known as Leonardo of Pisa, documented the mathematical sequences often bring in nature in 1202 in his book, Liber Abaci which means book of the abacusIn the sequences, each number is sum of two numbers, such as 1 + 1 = 2, 1 + 2 = 3, 2 + 2 = 4, and so on. That sequence cease be found in the spirals on the skin of a pineapple, sunflowers, seashells, the DNA double ringlet and, yes, pine cones.Sequences is one such technique is a make use of Fibonacci sequences in futures. Fibonacci who was innate in 1170. He found which a elimination reoccurred in nature, as well as a settlement was accompanying from a mathematical judgment of a fibre of numbers a third series is a total of a dual precedent to it.In 2000, A sequence of posters designed at the Issac Newton lend for Mathematical Sciences which were displayed month by month in the trains of London thermionic valve to celebrate world mathematical year 2000. The aim of the posters was to bring maths to life A sequence of posters designed at the Issac Newton make for for Mathematical Sciences. The aim of the posters was to bring maths to life, illustrating the wide applications of modern mathematics in all branches of science includes physical, biological, technological and financial. Each poster gives germane(predicate) mathematical links and information about mathematical.Show more go forth of the researchA sequences is ordered list of elements that normally defined according to this formula, Sn = a function of n = 1,2,3,If S is a sequences Sn n = 1,2,3,,S1 denotes the first elements, S2 denoted the second elements and so on.The indexing set of the sequences,n usually the indexing set is intrinsic number,N or infinite subset of N.In trading operations on sequences, If s = a,b,c,d,e,f is a sequences, then-head of s = a-tail of s = b,c,d,e,f-tail of s = a,b,c,d,e-last s = fFor Concatenation of sequences,If S1 = a,b,c and s2 = d,e.Hence, concatenation of s1 n s2 denoted as = a,b,c,d,eFor this concatenation of sequences, punctuation trade name , mustiness be written mingled with these alphabet.Increasing sequences and decreasing sequences are two important types of sequences. Their relatives are nonincreasing and nondecreasing. Sn Sn+1 is apply when sequences of s is decreasing for all n for which n for which n and n+1 are in the welkin of the sequences. A sequences is nonincreasing if Sn Sn+1 for all n for which n and n+1 are in the domain of the sequences. A sequences is nondecreasing if Sn Sn+1 for all n for which n and n+1 are in the domain of the sequences. utilisation-For increasing, Sn = 2n 1. n= 1, 2, 3,.The first element of s are 1, 3, 5, 7,.For decreasing, Sn = 4-2n, n = 1, 2, 3,The first few elements of s are 2, 0, -2, -4, .For nonincreasing, The sequences 100, 40, 40, 60, 60, 60, 30.For nondecreasing, the sequences of 1, 2, 3, 3, 4, 5, 5The sequences 100, is increasing, decreasing, nonincreasing, nondecreasing since there is no value of i for which both i and i+1 are indexes.A subsequences of a sequences s is a sequences t that consists of certain elements of s retained in the original order they had in s.Example let s = Sn = n n = 1,2,3,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,let t = t=2n n = 2,4,6,4, 8, 12,Hence, t is a subsequences of s.Two important operations on numerical sequences are adding and multiplying terms. Sigma notation, sum_i=1100i. is about sum and summation. Summation is the operation of combining a sequence of numbers use addition. Hence, there are become a sum or total.Example sum_i=1ni = fracn2+n2For capital sigma notation, sum_i=mn x_i = x_m + x_m+1 + x_m+2 +dots+ x_n-1 + x_n.Example sum_k=26 k2 = 22+32+42+52+62 = 90Pi is a harvest symbol for product of sequences of terms. This is alsoncaaled multiplication between all natural numbers.Pi notation, prod_i=mn x_i = x_m cdot x_m+1 cdot x_m+2 cdot ,,cdots,, cdot x_n-1 cdot x_n.Example prod_i=26 left(1 + 1over iright) = left(1 + 1over 2rig ht) cdot left(1 + 1over 3right) cdot left(1 + 1over 4right) cdot left(1 + 1over 5right) cdot left(1 + 1over 6right) = 7over 2.Changing the index and limits in a sum.The formula to change the index and limit to the sum is,_(1=0)n--ir-n-1Limit of SequenceThe notation of limit of a sequence is rattling natural. The fundamental concept of which the whole of analysis ultimately rests is that of the limit of the sequence. By considering some examples can make the position clear.Consider the sequenceIn this sequence, no number is goose egg. But we can watch that the finisher to zero the number of, the larger the number of n is. This state of relation can express by saying that as the number of tends to 0, the n increases, or that the sequence can converges to 0, or that they possess the limit to 0. The points crowd closer n closer to the point 0 as n increases this means that the numbers are represented as points on a line. This perspective is similar in the case of the sequenceHere, t oo, as n increases, the numbers tends to 0 the only difference is that the numbers are sometimes less(prenominal) than and sometimes greater the limit 0 as we say, they oscillate about the limit. The convergence of the sequence to 0 is usually expressed by the equating or occasionally by the abbreviation.We consider the sequence where the intrinsical index n takes all the value 1, 2, 3 . . We can get out at once that as n increases, the number will approach closer and closer to the number 1 if we write, in the sense that if we mark off any interval about the point 1 all the numbers following a certain must fall in that interval. We writeThe sequence behaves in a similar focal point. This sequence also tends to a limit as n increases, to the limit 1, in symbols, . We see this most readily if we write . Here, we need to show that as n increases the number tends to 0.For all value of n greater than 2 we have and. Hence, for the remainder we have , from which at once that tend to 0 a s n increases. It is also gives an estimate of the amount by which the number (for can differ maximum from the limit 1 this certainly cant get over . The example only considered illustrates the fact to naturally expect that for large values of n the terms with the highest indices in the numerator and denominator of the fraction for predominate and that they determine the limit.Applications1)Fibonacci numberNowadays or in era science of technology, We will find a Fibonacci number using C++ programming. The following sequences are considered1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34,.Two numbers of the sequence, a_1 and a_2 , the nth number a_n, n =3.a_n = a_(n-1) + a_(n-2).Thus, a_3 = a_1 + a_2 = 1 + 1 = 2,a_4 = a_2 + a_3, and so on. such a sequence is called a Fibonacci sequence. In the preceding sequence, a_2 = 1, and a_1 = 1, However any first two numbers, using this process. Nth number a_n, n = 3 of the sequnces can be determined. The number has been determined this federal agency is called the nth Fibonacci number. a_2 = 6 and a_1 = 3. Then, a_3 = a_2 + a_1 = 6 + 3 = 9,a_4 = a_3 + a_2 = 9 + 16 = 15.2) Draft snakeThis spunky is most famous a long time ago. But now, a new generation still playing this game at desolate time. This game is closely with sequences which is about the numbers or all natural number but in this game, only positive number that have in this checker. However, it still in a sequences. Firstly, a player must play a dice to get a number so that he or she can move one place to some other place to get a winner. These place to pleace is refer to the number. Each number that get from a dice will moves our position until he or she become a winner.ConclusionAs we know, a sequences is about a series of numbers. A series of numbers in sequences, which is all natural number includes positive and negative integers, could be a finite sequence from some data source or an infinite sequence from a discrete dynamical system. All of the schoolchilds, which is the students from the programming course learn about this topic in discrete mathematic as a minor theatre in their course. Majoriti of the students said that this topic very interesting to learn and aristocratical to sexual conquest to get a highest marks in examination, test and others.Although this topic was considered very interesting to learn and easy to get a highest marks, but in this topis is also have a part that unwieldy to score and bored to learn. A difficult part was identified is the formula that used in this sequences. For example, one of the subtopic in a sequences is when to changing the index and limits in a sum, _(1=0)n--irn-1-. This formula is difficult to remembered among of the students. It is not only difficult to remembered, but a student is also difficult to remembered a way to calculate this problem where a question want a student change the index and limits in a sum.So, to cultivate these problem, another way must be created so that a student can solve th ese problem easier. May be a formula is fixed means it cannot be changed. Nowadays, a lot of ways was created by among of students to solve these problem. So another ideas must found themselves so that it easier to remembered.As a ending here, the subtopics in a sequences has interesting to learn and not interesting to learn. Besides that, it has easy to remembered and not easy to remembered. Here, does not all of topic are easy. This condition mest be identified so that a problem can be solved immediately and corretly among the students.

Bush and Hitler - Parallel Lives :: Politics Political

bush-league and Hitler - Parallel Lives The 70th anniversary wasnt noticed in the United States, and was just now reported in the corporate media. But the Germans remembered well that fateful daylight seventy years ago - February 27, 1933. They commemorated the anniversary by joining in demonstrations for peace that mobilized citizens all across the world. It started when the government, in the midst of a global economic crisis, received reports of an imminent terrorist attack. A foreign ideologue had launched rachitic attacks on a few famous structures, but the media largely snub his relatively small efforts. The intelligence services knew, however, that the odds were he would lastly succeed. (Historians are still arguing whether or not rogue elements in the intelligence service helped the terrorist the most recent research implies they did not.) But the contendnings of investigators were unattended at the highest levels, in part because the government was distracted the ma n who claimed to be the nations leader had not been elected by a majority ballot and the majority of citizens claimed he had no right to the powers he coveted. He was a simpleton, some said, a cartoon character of a man who aphorism things in black-and-white terms and didnt have the intellect to understand the subtleties of political campaign a nation in a complex and internationalist world. His bluff use of language - reflecting his political roots in a southmost state - and his simplistic and often-inflammatory nationalistic rhetoric offended the aristocrats, foreign leaders, and the wise to(p) elite in the government and media. And, as a young man, hed fall in a secret society with an occult-sounding name and bizarre initiation rituals that affect skulls and human bones. Nonetheless, he knew the terrorist was going to strike (although he didnt know where or when), and he had already considered his response. When an aide brought him word that the nations most prestigious bu ilding was ablaze, he verified it was the terrorist who had struck and then rushed to the scene and called a press conference. You are now witnessing the beginning of a great date of reference in history, he proclaimed, standing in front of the burned-out building, surrounded by national media. This fire, he said, his voice trembling with emotion, is the beginning. He utilise the occasion - a sign from God, he called it - to declare an all-out war on terrorism and its ideological sponsors, a people, he said, who traced their origins to the Middle vitamin E and found motivation for their evil deeds in their religion.

Film History Essays -- The Silent Era of Film

In the early years of communicatory cinema at that place was little pressure on hitmakers for the evolution of film forms before nickelodeons (Salt, 1990, pp31) as cinema neither became a mass nor high cultural crossway and was still a novelty but Production companies profits were base principally on the sales of longer fiction films in the later(prenominal) years (Musser, 1990, pp256) so focus was made for the production of popular narratives so I will show how the early development of narrative evolved from play a joke on films to complex narrative. I will analyse the short film bloody shame Janes Mishap (1903, Smith) and an extract from the seminal The Birth of a dry land (1915, D.W.Griffith).Mary Janes Mishap was made when multi-scene films were becoming popular (Salt, 1990, pp32) It is celebrated for its use of experimental transitions. To separate successive scenes (Salt, 1990, pp32) Smith used good wipes to transition to wider framed shot. This efficiently showed an ellipsis in time from the funeral to multitude visiting her grave. D.W.Griffith also used inventive shots but popularised them rather than inventing them, such(prenominal) as tracking shots adding pace the characters movement and the narrative.In the silent-era of film acquaint titles were important in explaining the narrative to the primitive viewer not well-versed in film, especially in films where the audience were not familiar with the story different Porters The Night before Christmas(Musser, 1990, pp258). Griffith used insert titles which changed around 1905 into summaries of the action (Burch, 1990, pp221) As the film had a self-sufficient narrative (Burch, 1990, pp221) that ran for over three hours, with silly camera quality to recognise characters. But they were systematically anticipating t... ...ows this film as being a transition in the midst of the early trick films and narrative cinema.The Birth of a Nation has evolved in relation to the articulation between sho ts in term of space and time (Gunning, 1990, pp89) it is of the third and fourth cin-genres. As the multi-shot narrative of approximately three hours long is edited as to the exclude is de-emphazised (Gunning, 1990, pp89) and is placed in the fourth genre as the plot is break up through parallel editing (Gunning, 1990, pp90).In conclusion, we can see in film narrative The Birth of a Nation has progressed from the trick film narrative of Mary Janes Mishap to being identified correspond to Gunning as being of the third genre, due to both profitability and popularity of existent cinema Moving from being of theatrical proscenium to complex cinematography to tell a story suited for the screen.

The Bridge :: essays research papers

Sweat poured down my rugged unshaved face, bathed in my camouflage, and dripped on my MP5 sub-machine gun. As I ran for my God-forsaken life I spit issue my fresh chew and screamed at my division sniping in the nearby trench, support THE HELL OUT ITS GONNA BLOW Once I gained their anxiety it was too late. BAWOOSH I tried to glance at my four new(prenominal) companions but I only caught a glimpse their distraught visages a split second sooner debris covered my sight and I was luckily blown forward from the impact of a Chinese mellowed explosive grenade. My sniper division, was unluckily obliterated by it. I was knocked unconscious except gasping for air. Various thoughts filled my head A chunk of our team snipers wiped stunned within a second, including my long time friend PFC Ransom, ii year Green Beret sniper specialist, I use to drink Michelob with back in college before we got drafted. I virtually forgot it was a couple days before it would be my yieldday. I cant believ e the war was almost over because it seems like it has lasted for an eternity. How did I get knocked unconscious? I couldnt even recall the face of my wife and the baby girl she gave birth to from what I read in her letter. I have to defend the twain at all costs, but am I even alert?But the only thing that ran through my head at the chip was how devastating the end of this skirmish mingled with mainland China and us it was and how it shouldve been.The conflicts between the U.S. and China that would last for a decade all started on April 1st, 2001 when U.S. a UP-403 spy plane collided with a Chinese F-8 fighter jet, killing the Chinese pilot and tearing one of the wings of the spy plane as it safely landed into a Chinese air field. As Chinese officials demanded an apology for the mishap, they kept the clustering of 24 as hostage for xviii days forming one of the most critical standoffs in U.S. history. After the go days elapsed, a cataclysmic event shocked the world. On April 19th, 2001, the Chinese army unloaded clip afterward clip from their AK-47 rifles into the 24 crew members, starting a war that would last for 10 years. Naval destroyers invaded Chinas east coast 10 days later. D-Day II a week after that unloaded 2 million soldiers into Beijing after primary cities were bombed by B-52 bombers carrying hydrogen missiles.

Essay examples --

Why should we sound off upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to find fault life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does non govern life. The soul is stronger than its surroundings. As said by William pile, sensation of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William throng was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with enormous wealth. His father was driven to supply his children with a plentiful education, the mob children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed destination and art. Over the next couple of long time, William jumped by dint of many different plains, he wished to become a painter, but currently deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his aid towards chemistry. As the familys notes began to lessen, he realized he would fatality to support himself and he transferred to Harvard medical examination groom, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing wellness problems such as back pain, potty problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and neat affected by depression, mob fagged the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new savvy of human potential and a field in which invigorating look for was defining psychology as a new science. His work perplex him free from his depression which he had been scurvy from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a master Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism A New Name for gray-headed Wa ys of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his give way major work. Within the pursual year he went to his families summer internal in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and on that point he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years afterwards his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical sensationalism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still realise substance due to the satin flower of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. dissemble as if what you do makes a difference. It does. William James Essay examples -- Why should we think upon things that are lovely? Because thinking determines life. It is a common habit to blame life upon the environment. Environment modifies life, but does not govern life. The soul is stronger than its surroundings. As s aid by William James, one of the most important figures in psychology, and often called the father of American psychology. William James was born on January 11, 1842 in New York City. He came from a family with great wealth. His father was driven to provide his children with a plentiful education, the James children were enrolled in the best possible schools, which their studies entailed culture and art. Over the next couple of years, William jumped through many different fields, he wished to become a painter, but soon deserted that dream. He went on to enroll at Harvard, to devote his attention towards chemistry. As the familys money began to lessen, he realized he would need to support himself and he transferred to Harvard Medical School, but very quickly he grew unhappy with medicine. While experiencing health problems such as back pain, sight problems, emotional moodiness, neurotic obsessions and becoming affected by depression, James spent the next two years in France and Germany. While studying with Hermann von Helmholtz, James became greatly interested in the field of psychology, he was intrigued by the structure of personality, a new understanding of human potential and a field in which invigorating research was defining psychology as a new science. His work set him free from his depression which he had been suffering from, for quite some time. James went on to receive a Masters Degree from Harvard Medical School i... ... James was awarded to lecture at Stanford University in 1906. Which is the same year he delivered the Lowell Lectures in Boston. Afterwards, publishing of Pragmatism A New Name for Old Ways of Thinking came about in 1907. In 1909, A Plural Univerise was published and this proved to be his last major work. Within the following year he went to his families summer home in Chocorua, New Hampshire, and there he died of heart failure on August 26, 1910. Years after his death, in 1912, Essays in Radical Empiricism was published and edited by his son Henry. His writings still hold substance due to the honesty of his ideas and the racy style he embraced his concerns and ideas through. William James was considered to many as the most intelligent and deep American philosophers. Act as if what you do makes a difference. It does. William James